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Book- 



THE 



BUTTEBFLIES 



OF THE 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



FOR THE USE OF CLASSES IN ZOOLOGY AND 
PRIVATE STUDENTS. 



G. H. FRENCH, A.M., 

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AND CURATOR IN THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 
NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 



NEW AND REVISED EDITION. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
1900. 



^^^^^^^^m 







Copyright, 1885, by G. H. French, 




PKEFACE. 



Foe a number of years the writer ( f these pages has 
recognized the necessity of some form of manual to be 
placed in the hands of students in zoology, to enable 
them to identify the animals that should come before 
them for examination. Jordan's "Manual of Verte- 
brates" supplies this demand as to the vertebrate ani- 
mals, but there are many other specimens of interest 
within the reaun ot every student that do not belong 
to this great branch of the animal kingdom, among 
the most attractive of which are butterflies. Several 
years ago, analytical tables of the butterflies of Illi- 
nois were prepared and published for the use of our 
classes in zoology. These tables, followed by others 
on the moths, notwithstanding many imperfections, 
served so good a purpose in the class-room, and were 
sought by so many private students, that the prepara- 
tion of a more extended work on the Butterflies of the 
Eastern United States has been undertaken. The work 
embraces a brief description of the several stages of 
butterflies, methods of capture and preservation, an ana- 
lytical key, and a more complete description of all the 
species that have been found in this region. In the 
last part the preparatory stages are given so far as they 

3 



4 PREFACE. 

are known. These preparatory stages are often essential 
to a proper understanding of the relation that species 
bear to one another, besides adding much to the interest 
of the study of butterflies. 

The locality represented in this work is shown on the 
map on the opposite page, being all east of the western 
boundaries of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, 
and Louisiana, as indicated by the heavy line. This 
differs a little from what is denominated the East- 
ern or Atlantic Province on the zoo-geogmphical map 
by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in the third report of the 
United States Entomological Commission, in that the 
western boundary is by State lines, instead of following 
a more sinuous line caused by variations of elevation, 
etc., and the whole of Florida and the New England 
States are included, but the portion of Canada included 
in the map referred to is omitted here. For several 
reasons it was found more convenient to take the bound- 
aries as here given, making the field represented essen- 
tially the same. 

I would gratefully acknowledge here the valuable aid 
I have received from Mr. William H. Edwards, of Coal- 
burgh, West Virginia, in the loan of specimens for 
description, in the free use of his writings, from which 
nearly all the descriptions of the preparatory stages have 
been taken, in the use of advance-sheets of his new 
catalogue of the " Butterflies of North America," for 
the purpose of getting localities and arrangement of 
species, and in many suggestions kindly given. Mr. C. 
E. Worth ington, of Chicago, also loaned me specimens 
for description, thus aiding me much. I wish to 
acknowledge also the aid and encouragement I have 



PREFACE. 



received from Dr. Robert Allyn, president of the 
Southern Illinois Normal University, not only in the 







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preparation of this volume, but in the interest of science 
generally. Dr. S. H. Peabody, regent of the Illinois 
Industrial University, also has thanks for revising a list 



L. 



G PREFACE. 

of the accentuated names of the butterflies of the Eastern 
United States. Last, but not least, I would acknowledge 
valuable aid and encouragement from my wife, who has 
been the companion of my studies in natural history for 
many years, making it possible for me, at this time, to 
prepare this volume. In the few instances where I have 
not had specimens for description, the back volumes of 
the " Canadian Entomologist" and the American En- 
tomological Society's publications, Professor Fernald's 
"Butterflies of Maine," and some other works, have 
been used. 

Electrotypes for illustrating this volume have been 
received from the following persons : 

From Professor C. V. Riley, Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 59, 
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, GQ, 67, 68, 69, 91, 92, 93. 

From Henry Holt & Co., of New York, the figures 
from Scuddcr's Butterflies, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 33, 41, 
42, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 
*2, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90. 

From Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., the figures from " Guide 
to the Study of Insects," Nos. 4, 6, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 
49, 53, 72, 84. 

From J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, the 
figures from Saunders's " Insects Injurious to Fruits," 
Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 58, 74. 

From A. A. Tenney, the figures from Tenney's 
" Elements of Zoology," Nos. 14, 15, 16. 

All the rest were made specially for this work by 
the St. Louis Type Foundry Company, from photo- 
graphs taken by Mr. A. Hudson, of this place. 

In the arrangement of species and nomenclature, 



PREFACE 7 

Edwards's r ' >~ew Catalogue of die Butterflies of North 
America" has been followed. 

It has been suggested that I should give, in addition 
to the table for tracing species to their description, a table 
of larvae. In my opinion ou r present knowledge is not 
sufficient to make a satisfactory one. Though much is 
known of the preparatory stages of our butterflies, there 
are still too many gaps : these, however, are being filled 
up, so that in a few years a table can be given that will 
be more satisfactory than any that could be prepared 
now. 

G. H. FRENCH. 

Carbonbale, III., June 8, 1885 



PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. 



In an addenda to the second edition of " Butterflies 
of the Eastern United States" three species were added 
that were not known to occur here when the first edition 
was published,— Colcenis Delila, Neonympha llitchettii, 
and Pamphila Aaroni. These were referred to their 
appropriate places in the body of the work by number 
and the number of the pages. Since the publication of 
the second edition seven species and four varieties have 
been found in the territory covered by this work that 
were not known to exist there before. Five of the 
species and three of the varieties were new to science, 
having been described since 1890, and the others have 
wandered from their former known habitats. 



8 PREFACE. 

The descriptions of species and varieties in this edition 
that were not in former editions are to be found at the 
close of the volume, each numbered so that its place in 
the general arrangement can be readily found. In the 
body of the book where these would occur they are re- 
ferred to by a " See Addenda." As, for instance, on 
page 119, Callidryas Statira is thus referred to, and on 
page 389 this species will be found with a number 17 J, 
thus indicating that it should stand between Nos. 17 
and 18. 

G. H. FRENCH. 

Carbondale, III., May 13, 1895. 



^m^^^^^^m 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Classification 16-16 

Different Stages of Development : 

The Egg -. 16-18 

The Larva 19-23 

The Chrysalis, or Pupa 23-26 

The Imago, or Perfect Butterfly 26-32 

Habits of Butterflies 32-36 

Collecting Butterflies, — including Materials for Collect- 
ing, Killing, and Preparing for the Cabinet ; Cabinet ; 

Hearing Butterflies from Eggs and Larvae 36-49 

Use of the Analytical Key 49-50 

Names of Butterflies 60-51 

Accentuated and Syllabicated List of the Butterflies of 

the Eastern United States 51-57 

Analytical Key for the Determination of the Butterflies 

of the Eastern United States 67-82 

Family Papilionidae 83-140 

Subfamily Papilioninae, — Papilio 83-105 

Subfamily Pierinae, — Pieris, Nathalis, Anthocharis, Cal- 

lidryas, Kricogonia, Colias, Terias 106-140 

Family Nymphalidae 141-252 

Subfamily Heliconinae, — Heliconia 141-143 

Subfamily Danainae, — Danais 143-147 

Subfamily Nymphalinae, — Colaenis, Agraulis, Argynnis, 
Euptoieta, Melitaea, Phyciodes, Eresia, Grapta, Va- 
nessa, Pyrameis, Junonia, Anartia, Eunica, Timetes, 
Victorina, Diadema, Limenitis, Apatura, Paphia . . 147-229 
Subfamily Satyrinae, — Debis, Neonympha, Satyrus, 

Chionobas 229-250 

Subfamily Libytheinae,— Libythea 250-252 

9 



10 CONTENTS. 

PA OK 

Family Erycinidaa 252-254 

Subfamily Erycininse, — Calephelis, Eumcnia 253-254 

Family Lyeamidaj 254-2'.)8 

Subfamily Thcclime,— Thecla 255-279 

Subfamily Lyc;eninic, — Foniseca, Chrysophanus, Ly- 

caena 279-208 

Family Hesperidaj 299-387 

Section 1, — Cartcroccphalus, Ancyloxypha, Thymcl- 

icus, Pamphila, Amblyseirtcs 299-352 

Section 2, — Pyrgus, Nisoniades, Pholisora, Eudamus, 

Erycides, Megathymus 352-387 

Addenda 389-393 

Glossary 395-402 

Index 403 



HIHii^^^^HI^^H^HIiH 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



HO. PAGE 

1. Micropyle of egg of Colias Philodice 18 

2. Prolog of Vanessa Antiopa 19 

3. Head of Danais Archippus 20 

4. Three facets of an insect's compound eye 26 

5. Head of Eudamus Tityrus 27 

6. Venation of the wing of a butterfly 29 

7. Scales from the wing of a butterfly 31 

8. Insect-net 36 

9. Setting-board 40 

10. Setting-needle 41 

11. Papilio Philenor, imago 87 

12. Papilio Philenor, larva 88 

13. Papilio Philenor, pupa 89 

14. Papilio Asterias, imago, male 90 

15. Papilio Asterias, larva 92 

16. Papilio Asterias, pupa 92 

17. Papilio Turnus, imago 98 

18. Papilio Turnus, larva 100 

19. Papilio Turnus, pupa 101 

20. Papilio Oresphontes, imago 102 

21. Papilio Cresphontes, larva 103 

22. Papilio Cresphontes, pupa 104 

23. Pieris Protodice, imago, male 108 

24. Pieris Protodice, imago, female 108 

25. Pieris Protodice, larva and pupa 109 

26. Pieris Oleracea-hiemalis, imago and larva 112 

27. Pieris Oleracea, egg 113 

28. Pieris Kapae, imago, male . 114 

29. Pieris Rapae, imago, female 114 

30. Pieris Rapse, larva and pupa 116 

11 



12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

NO. PAOE 

31. Nathalis Iole, imago, female 117 

32. Colias Ciesonia, imago, male 128 

33. Terias Nicippe, pupa 137 

34. Terias Mexicana, imago 138 

35. Heliconia Charitonia, imago 142 

36. Danais Archippus, imago 144 

37. Danais Archippus, egg 145 

38. Danais Archippus, larva 145 

39. Danais Archippus, pupa , . 146 

40. Argynnis Aphrodite, imago 157 

41. Argynnis Atlantis, pupa 161 

42. Argynnis Myrina, egg 162 

43. Euptoieta Claudia, imago 165 

44 Militsea Phaeton, imago 168 

45. Militsea Phaeton, egg 169 

46. Militoea Phaeton, larva . 169 

47. Milityea Phaeton, pupa 170 

48. Militaea Harrisii, larva 171 

49. Militaea Harrisii, pupa 172 

50. Phyciodes Nycteis, imago 172 

51. Grapta Interrogationis, pupa 185 

52. Grapta Faunus, pupa 188 

53. Grapta Progne, imago 190 

54. Vanessa Antiopa, egg-cluster 194 

55. Pyrameis Atalanta, egg 197 

56. Junonia Coenia, imago 201 

57. Victorina Steneles, imago 204 

58. Limenitis Ursula, imago 207 

59. Limenitis Disippus, imago 210 

60. Limenitis Disippus, egg 211 

61. Limenitis Disippus, larva 212 

62. Limenitis Disippus, pupa 213 

63. Apatura Celtis, imago, larva, and pupa 216 

64. Apatura Celtis, imago, larva, pupa, and egg 217 

65. Apatura Clyton, imago, larva, pupa, and egg-mass . . . 219 

66. Apatura Clyton, imago, larva, pupa, and egg 220 

67. Paphia Troglodyta, imago, male 226 

68. Paphia Troglodyta, imago, female 227 

69. Paphia Troglodyta, larva and pupa 228 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 13 

NO. PAGE 

70. Debis Portlandia, imago 230 

71. Satyrus Alope, pupa . 247 

72. Chionobus Semidea, imago 249 

73. Thecla Calanus, imago 2G3 

74. Thecla Strigosa, imago 266 

75. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, egg 283 

76. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, larva 284 

77. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, pupa 284 

78. Lycsena Pseudargiolus, form Lucia 288 

79. Lycsena Pseudargiolus, form Violacea 288 

80. Lycsena Pseudargiolus, form Pseudargiolus 289 

81. Lycsena Comyntas, imago 292 

82. Pamphila Zabulon, egg 304 

83. Pamphila Zabulon, larva 305 

84. Pamphila Peckius, imago 317 

85. Pamphila Ethlius, imago 333 

86. Pyrgus Tessellata, imago . 352 

87. Pholisora Catullus, egg 367 

88. Eudamus Pylades, egg 369 

89. Eudamus Tityrus, imago 374 

90. Eudamus Tityrus, pupa 376 

91. Megathymus Yucca?, imago, female 381 

92. Megathymus Yuccas, egg and larva 384 

93. Megathymus Yuccse, pupa 386 



THE BUTTERFLIES 



OF THE 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



CLASSIFICATION. 

Most naturalists of this country divide insects into 
seven orders, or, according to some, suborders, as follows : 

Hymenoptera, or membrane- winged insects, includ- 
ing bees, wasps, ants, ichneumon-flies, saw-flies, etc. 

Lepidoptera, or scaly- winged insects, including but- 
terflies and moths. 

Diptera, or two-winged insects, including the true 
flies of all kinds. 

Coleoptera, or sheath-winged insects, including all 
beetles. 

Hemiptera, or half-membrane-winged insects, in- 
cluding the true bugs, cicadas, etc. 

Orthoptera, or straight-winged insects, including 
grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, etc. 

Neuroptera, or nerve-winged insects, including 
dragon-flies, ant-lions, etc. 

The Lepidoptera have four membranous wings covered 

15 



16 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

with scales, that overlap one another and easily rub off. 
They are divided into two somewhat natural divisions, — 
butterflies and moths, — which may be known from each 
other by the antennae, but by the practical entomologist 
are readily distinguished by other characters. The an- 
tenna?, two slender organs projecting in front from the 
upper part of the head, are filiform, and terminate in a 
knob in butterflies, while in the moths, whatever their 
shape, they do not terminate in a knob. Butterflies fly 
in the daytime, while most of the moths fly at night 
or just at the close of day. The first five families of 
this order are known as butterflies, and all the others as 
moths. 

Both moths and butterflies have four distinct periods 
of existence, — the egg, the larva, the chrysalis, or pupa, 
and the imago, or perfect insect. 

THE EGG. 

The eggs are more or less globular, cone-shaped or 
spindle-shaped. To the unaided eye they usually appear 
to be smooth, but under the lens they present various 
markings that are constant for a given species, but vary 
with different species or in different groups. Those 
belonging to the different genera of the subfamily 
Pierinae are all of one general shape, as has been shown 
by Mr. W. H. Edwards. They are long, slender, sub- 
conic or spindle-shaped, and set on end, but differently 
marked in different genera. This may be seen by re- 
ferring to the egg of Pieris Oleracea, Fig. 27. The 
eggs of Danais, Heliconia, and Agraulis have each their 
own pattern. All Argynnis eggs, whether of the large 
or the small species., are thimble-shaped. " So Melitrea 



n 



nmnnHH^lHI^HH 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 17 

Phyciodes, Limenitis, Apatura, Paphia, Satyrus, Neo- 
nympha, and Chionobas may all be distinguished as 
readily by the egg as by the butterflies." And the 
same may be said of all the other genera so far as their 
eggs are known. It has been shown that both the larvae 
and the eggs of the different species of a genus bear 
the same relation to each other that the imagines, or per- 
fect insects, do, and this relation or congruence renders 
the study of the preparatory stages important, if we 
would know the true relation that different species bear 
to one another, or in fact the position of different genera. 
" Most eggs," Mr. Edwards says, " are green when 
laid, yellowish, as in Pieris, Colias, and many Papilios, 
bluish, as in Grapta, grayish, as in Limcnitis. Lycsena 
has a deep-green surface concealed by a white net-Avork. 
but which can be peeled off. Parnassius is white ; 
Pholisora Catullus is brown; the Hesperian eggs, as a 
rule, are white. Many eggs turn red a few hours after 
deposition, as Colias, Anthocharis, and Melitcea Phceton. 
And all these, as well as most other species, change to 
black before hatching, as the dark larva can be seen 
through the transparent shell." 

Many eggs are ribbed longitudinally, with transverse 
striae between the ribs. In some these ribs run in 
irregular lines, making an irregular net- work of cells ; 
in others they are regular, the net-work presenting the 
appearance of a series of parallelograms, as in Fig. 27, 

In some cases the eggs are not ribbed, but are covered 
with a series of irregular pits, as in Fig. 75. In some the 
ribs run from base to apex, varying or not in promi- 
nence ; in others they gradually diminish before reaching 
the base, leaving that part perfectly smooth. The egg of 




]S THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Limenitis Disippus presents on the ridges of the cells 
numerous little filaments, giving the 
egg a bristly appearance (see Fig. 
60). In all these there is a cluster 
of irregular cells at the summit or 
apex that differ from the others, 
often being situated at the bottom of 
a cavity or depression. This porlion 
Microi^i^T^gg of Co- of the egg is known as the micropyle. 
iia« Phiiodice. x 60. Butterflies vary in their manner of 

depositing their eggs. Some place them singly on the 
leaves of their food-plant, while others lay them in 
clusters, from a dozen to a hundred in a cluster. In the 
case of Vanessa Antiopa, Fig. 54, they are placed around 
a small twig of willow. The Papilios, with the ex- 
ception of P. Philenor, deposit their eggs singly. The 
Graptas lay their eggs in strings or singly. Usually the 
manner of depositing the eggs may be taken as an index 
of the larva's being gregarious or feeding singly. 

The time of the egg period, or the time from deposi- 
tion to hatching, varies in different species, depending 
somewhat upon the temperature. In some species they 
hatch in from three to four days, as in Grapta, Colias, 
and Pieris. The Papilios and Danais Archippus hatch 
in from four to six days ; Phyciodes Tharos, in from four 
to seven days ; P. Nydeis, in twelve ; Limenitis Disippus, 
in from five to eight ; Argynnis Diana, in fifteen ; A. 
Oybele, Aphrodite, Alcestis, and Atlantis, in from fifteen 
to twenty, etc. ; while, according to Mr. S. H. Scudder, 
there are some species that pass the winter in the egg 
state. 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. 19 

TTLE LARVA. 

The larva, or caterpillar, is elongated or somewhat 

worm-like, usually plainly separable into thirteen joints 

or segments, the first of which is the head. Joints two, 

three, and four have each a pair of short legs, the 

rudiments of the legs of the perfect butterfly. Joints 

seven, eight, nine, ten, and thirteen have each a pair of 

membranous leg's, the end of each 

Pig ° 
armed with a circle of minute hooks, 

as seen in Fig. 2. By means of 

these hooks the larva is enabled to x^SQ V s ** 

grasp firmly any object which is not 

too smooth, as the surface of glass. & 

In this case the larva first spins a From larva of v. Anti 

covering of silk over the glass, and cirQlet of hooks at end of 

then walks over it easily. These legs P role s> X b; c, one of the 

. ° hooks, X 12. 

are called prop-legs, or, as it is more 
often abbreviated, prolegs. These disappear at the close 
of the larval period, when the larva changes to a chrys- 
alis. 

On each side of the body are nine oval stigmata, or 
breathing-pores, often called spiracles. These are situ- 
ated in joints two and five to twelve inclusive. These 
stigmata open into a series of air-tubes which ramify 
through the system, pach stigma leading to a single trunk 
of the system. Close to the origin of this trunk a large 
air-canal runs along each side of the body, connecting 
all the trunks of one side. Joints three and four, having 
no stigmata, receive their branches of the system of air- 
passages from this trunk. Like the air-passages in the 
lungs of the vertebrate animals, these tracheae continue to 



■i 



20 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



divide and subdivide till the minute tubes penetrate all 
parts of the body, especially all parts of the circulatory 
system. It is in these ultimate divisions that the inter- 
change of gases takes place which constitutes the purifi- 
cation of the blood, or circulating fluid. 

The head is of a rounded or oval form, and has a harder 
covering than the other parts of the body. When the 
larva is first hatched the head is nearly globular, divided 
down the front by a suture which forks about the middle. 
As the larva approaches maturity the head usually 
changes in shape, assuming the characters that are 
peculiar to the species. The lower edge of the little 
triangular piece which stands between the forks of the 
frontal suture supports a little membrane, the labrum, 



Fig. 3. 





a, Head of larva of Danais Archippus from beneath, X 1° : &, labrnm ; md, mandi- 
ble ; mx, maxilla, with two palpi ; lm, labium, with one pair of palpi ; s, spinneret ; 
a, antennae ; o, ocelli ; b, side view, and c, front view, X 3. (Scudder, after Burgess.) 



or upper lip, and back of this are two stout biting jaws, 
or mandibles, with serrated edges, that work laterally (see 
Fig. 3). The mouth lies between these jaws, and back of 
them are the secondary jaws, or maxilla?, which in many 
insects have a movement similar to that of the mandibles, 
but they do not in the butterfly larva?. They consist 
of a pair of fleshy prominences, and each of them has 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 21 

two feelers, called palpi, the outer composed of several 
joints, the inner of only one. Between and partly below 
or back of the maxillae is the labium, or under lip, being 
more like the maxillae than like the upper lip. This 
bears on each side at the tip a small jointed appendage : 
these appendages are termed . the labial palpi. Between 
these is another appendage, tubular, which is similar to 
the spinneret of the spider, and from which the cater- 
pillar spins a web over smooth surfaces as a support for 
its feet in walking, and the silk it fastens its feet to in 
moulting and in changing to a chrysalis. Back of the 
jaws, somewhat in the form of a crescent, are the eyes, 
or ocelli, five or six on each side. 

The bodies of different caterpillars differ greatly in 
their external covering as well as in shape. Some ap- 
pear to be naked, but even these are covered with a 
delicate pile ; others have simple or compound spines or 
tubercles, usually arranged in longitudinal rows with a 
definite number to each joint, generally begmuing with 
joint three, or the second thoracic segment. 

Usually the larvae of butterflies are cylindrical, in some 
a little enlarged at or near the middle ; in others, as 
in some Papilios, the thoracic segments are enlarged, 
and at times assume shapes peculiarly their own. In 
such cases the head is often smaller than the succeeding 
joints, and when at rest is drawn back, as it were, into 
the joint behind. In others the second segment is 
smaller than the head, as with many of the Hesperians. 

Most butterfly larvae have the thoracic and abdominal 
legs as given at first, but in some, as the Lycaenidae, the 
prolegs are very small, and the caterpillar seems to glide 
over surfaces instead of walking, the under side being 



I 



22 TH£ BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

a muscular pad, by whose expansions and contractions 
the larva moves. 

The Papilios have in the upper part of the second 
segment a peculiar V-shaped extensile appendage, known 
as a "scent-organ," or osmateria, which they protrude 
from a transverse slit when disturbed, but which is at other 
times concealed. This organ is without doubt used as a 
defense, the disagreeable odor emitted repelling enemies. 
In some of the Lycsenidae the posterior part of the body 
has extensile organs that secrete a sweet fluid which is 
eaten greedily by ants. These in turn guard the larvae 
against the attacks of ichneumon-flies, very much as they 
protect plant-lice from the attacks of enemies for the 
sweet fluid they get from the honey-tubes of the lice. 

In passing from the eggs to the full-grown larvae, 
caterpillars moult or shed their skins from four to five 
times. At each moult they not only come out in a skin 
that is larger than the old one, which thus permits further 
growth, but the color and other markings are usually 
changed. 

In habits of feeding each species has its larval peculi- 
arities. Some feed singly, as the larva3 of Grapta Comma, 
on the under side of a hop- or nettle-leaf. Some stitch 
together the edges of a leaf, making a more or less closed 
retreat; others feed on the surface without any attempt 
at concealment, as Papilio Cresphontes, but here the color 
and shape so mimic an object which would be distasteful 
to birds that it is not molested by them. The young 
larvae of Apatura are gregarious, but are not protected 
by a web. After the third moult they scatter, and the 
rest of the time are solitary. Melitwa Phaeton larvae 
make a web,- within which they feed till after the third 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 23 

moult, when they close every place of egress and pass 
the winter in the web. In the spring they leave the web 
and bask in the sunshine on the leaves. 

THE CHRYSALIS, OR PUPA. 

When ready to change to a chrysalis, the larva seeks 
some retreat, if it be one of the species that does not 
pupate in a web or a cluster of leaves, where it prepares 
to change to the pupal or quiescent period. In the 
Papilionidao and Lycaenidse this preparation consists in 
spinning a button of silk on the under side, or side, of 
some object, within which it entangles the hooks of the 
anal feet. Then a loop of silk is woven from side to 
side that will support the body a little in front of the 
middle, in which the body is allowed to rest, held in 
place by the anal feet. Soon the skin is shed, and the 
chrysalis appears limp and pale, but as the moisture is 
evaporated the outside hardens, and it assumes a shape 
and color peculiar to the species. In others, as the 
Nymphalidfe, the button of silk is spun and the anal 
feet are entangled in it, but the front part of the body 
hangs down without the loop of silk to support it. 
The anterior part bends like a fish-hook, after which 
the skin is shed and the chrysalis suspended by the anal 
hooks. 

In the larva there was but little distinction of parts, 
as head, thorax, and abdomen. In the chrysalis there is 
more of a division of these parts, the head and thorax 
being united, but the abdomen readily separable. 

In moths the head part of the chrysalis is usually 
rounded, but in butterflies, especially some of the large 
Papilios, the cephalo-thorax bears several prominences 



'24 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

and ridges, often continued along the abdomen. The 
ventral part contains cases for the wings, antennae, 
tongue, palpi, and legs. The wing-cases extend back 
several joints on the abdomen, often as far as the pos- 
terior edge of the fifth joint. Between the wing-cases, 
and extending back varying distances, are four other 
cases, the centre the tongue-case, next cases for the an- 
terior pair of legs, next cases for the middle pair, and 
outside of these the antennae-cases. The base of the 
tongue-case is larger than that organ is, but the expan- 
sion of this part is used as a covering for the palpi and to 
fill up the space between the legs. The posterior pair of 
legs are folded beneath the wings, and are not shown in 
the chrysalis by any case. When the chrysalis has 
become dry and hard, these cases are inseparable; but 
when the larva skin is first cast off and the parts are soft, 
they may be separated by a sharp-pointed instrument. 

The anterior part of the head may be rounded, but 
more often it ends in two conical points or a single point. 
Just back of this part, and near the base of the antennae, 
is a smooth, crescent-shaped belt which corresponds in 
position to the ocelli of the larva. The use of this is not 
fully known, though it is without doubt a covering for 
the eyes. Back of these parts, on what is called the pro- 
notum, is often another elevation with ridges running 
along the sides. In Limenitis there is a prominent, 
rounded elevation back of the mesonotum. In some 
species the elevations and depressions are too complicated 
for general description. 

The abdomen is more or less conical, tapering towards 
the anal joint, which ends in a complicated series of hooks 
known as the cremaster. These hooks are fitted for 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 25 

being fastened into the button of silk to which the anal 
legs were attached before changing from the larva to the 
pupa state. The joints back of the wing-cases are more 
or less movable. In the chrysalides of the Papilios the 
lateral ridges of the cephalo-thorax are continuous to the 
cremaster ; in others, as some of the Nymphalidse, there 
are rows of tubercles or spines. In all cases the abdomen 
contains a row of stigmata on either side which corre- 
spond to those in the larva, except the anterior, whose 
places are covered by the wing-cases. 

The outside covering of the chrysalis is a fine, horny 
substance known as chitine, the same as forms the hard 
parts of all insects. In most of the pupae this is in color 
greenish, yellowish gray, or some shade of brown, some- 
times ornamented Avith bright metallic spots. 

While the pupal period seems externally to be one of 
inactivity, internally great changes are going on, — the 
preparation for a change from the worm-like caterpillar, 
which can only creep or slide over a leaf or twig, to the 
airy and graceful butterfly. The time in which this 
change takes place, the pupal period, varies greatly, 
ranging from six or seven days to several months, as 
with those that hibernate in this state ; but about four- 
teen days is the usual time. 

When the pupal period draws to a close, the pupa-case 
is burst open on the dorsal part of the cephalo-thorax, 
and the butterfly, or imago, emerges with all its parts 
limp and moist. This bursting of the case is accom- 
plished partly by the moisture that is exuded from the 
interior for the purpose of softening the inner integu- 
ment of the shell, and partly, it seems, by favorable 
atmospheric conditions, as the moist atmosphere of a 

B * 3 



26 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

damp evening or a warm rain is more conducive to this 
change than dry weather. 

THE IMAGO. 

After emerging from the pupa-shell the butterfly finds 
some place, often the pupa-case, where it may rest with 
the body hanging downward, and after a moment's delay, 
as if for rest, it proceeds to expand the wings, which 
were before not larger than the finger-nail. This is done 
partly by their own weight, but mostly by forcing air 
into the hollow veins that constitute the framework of 
the wings. After the wings are expanded to their full 
size, the insect remains till they are fully dry before it 
flies away. 

A butterfly has three principal divisions of the body, — 
the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is more or 
less globular, and contains the mouth parts, the eyes, and 
the antennae as its principal divisions. On either side 
of the head are the eye?:, two convex hemispheres that 
are made up of a great number of small eyes 
or facets, the whole on each side of the head 
being known as a compound eye. In some 
species as many as three thousand six hundred 
of a com- an d fifty facets have been counted in a single 
pound eve> Each of these is hexagonal in shape (see 
Fig. 4), and contains all the parts of a perfect 
eye. The surface of this compound eye may be smooth, 
or moderately covered with short hairs, which are situ- 
ated between the facets. Some of the moths have besides 
the compound eyes ocelli above these, and it is said one 
species of the butterflies has one on each side ; but aside 
from this these insects have only the compound eyes. 



Dfe 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



27 



Above the eyes are the antennae, two long, jointed 
organs, each composed of many joints, which may be 
divided into three groups, — those of the base, the stalk, 
and the club. The two joints composing the base are 
larger than the others ; the stalk is merely a jointed 
thread ; the club has the joints shorter and broader. In 
some cases the antennae are bare, in others they are more 
or less clothed with scales. The use of these organs is 
not fully known, but they are supposed by many to be 
organs of hearing. In the upper part of the club are 
microscopic pits connecting with nerves, showing that 
the antennae are sense-organs ; and it is probable they 
are not connected with the same sense in all insects. In 
some beetles, and some grasshoppers, ants, and bees, the 
sense is without much doubt one of touch ; in some 
moths it seems to be one of smell. 

On the under side of the head are the mouth parts, 
These consist first of a three-jointed pair 
of palpi, which are densely covered with 
hair-like scales, and which project out- 
ward and often curve upward more or 
less closely to the front of the head. Be- 
tween the palpi, and attached to the head 
near the base of them, is the proboscis, 
or tongue (see Fig. 5). This is a long, 
tapering, horny tube, through which the 
insect sucks or draws up fluid substances 
from flowers or other objects. When 
at rest, the tongue is coiled backward 
between the palpi like a watch-spring ; 
when uncoiled, it is oflen as long as the body of the 
insect. It consists of two lateral halves united down 



Fig. 5. 




Hoad of E. Tity- 
rus, showing 
toii^ae and ono an- 
tenna. 



28 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the middle, each of which is composed of a great num- 
ber of rings, convex on the outer part and concave 
on the inner, and the tube is formed by the union of 
these concave surfaces. The head is clothed with a dense 
coat of hair-like scales, often spoken of as hairs, and 
the arrangement of some of these is of value in deter- 
mining genera or species. 

The thorax is connected or joined to the head by the 
neck, and bears the legs and wings. It consists of three 
joints, to each of which is attached on the under side a 
pair of legs, "but only the two posterior joints are fur- 
nished each with a pair of wings. Each leg is composed 
of a basal joint, called the coxa, at the end of which is a 
small piece called the trochanter. Beyond this is the femur, 
the longest joint of the leg ; attached to this is the tibia, 
followed by the tarsi, or foot, which consists of five joints 
placed end to end, the last of which usually has a pair 
of curved claws. The middle and hind tibiae usually 
have a pair of spurs at the end of each, and are some- 
times more or less armed with spines. The hind tibise 
in some species have an additional pair of spurs near the 
middle. In some species the front tibiae have an ap- 
pendage on the middle of each, called an epiphysis. 

In one family, the Nyniphalidse, the front legs are so 
much aborted as to be of no service in walking ; and such 
are said to be four-footed butterflies. In the other fam- 
ilies the pair of fore legs is directed forward, and the 
middle and hind legs backward ; but in this family the 
second pair of legs is directed forward. 

The first ring of the thorax, the prothoracic, is smaller 
than the others, and its only appendages are a series of 
scales arising from the upper side, forming the collar. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



29 



and on each side a small, scaly piece covering the base 
of the fore wings, and known as the shoulder-tuft, lap- 
pet, or pterygoid. The second and third thoracic joints 
bear each a pair of wings. These are composed of mem- 
branes supported by a 
framework of slender, 
tapering tubes between 
the membranes. The 
fore wings are the largest, 
triangular in general 
outline, while the hind 
wings are more or less 
rounded or square. The 
veins or framework are 
nominally five principal 
veins, — the costal, sub- 
costal, median, sub- 
median, and internal. 
The first two are close 
together near the front 
edge of the wing, and 
form the costa (see Fig. 
6). The median passes 
through the middle from 
the base to near the 
outer third, where it 
usually joins the sub- 
costal by a cross-vein ; and from this and the cross- vein 
are given off several branches, the subcostal also being 
branched on its upper side, more in the fore wings than 
in the hind. The area between the subcostal and median 
veins is knuwn as the discal cell, or the cell, the branches 

3* 




Fore and hind wing of a butterfly : 1, fore 
wing; a, costal vein; 6, subcostal vein; 6 1, 
6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6 5, five subcostal veinlets ; c, in- 
dependent vein ; d, median vein ; d 1, <l 2, d 3, 
d 4, four median veinlets ; e, submediau vein ; 
/, internal vein ; 6 and d are situated in tho 
discal cell; gl, g2, gZ, the upper, middle, 
and lower discal veinlets; 1 1, hind wing (the 
lettering the same). 



JO THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

of the median vein as the median venules or veinlets, 
the branches of the subcostal as the subcostal venules 
or veinlets, the branches from the cross-vein as the discal 
venules or veinlets. The space through which these 
venules pass is sometimes spoken of as the discal space, 
or disk. The submedian and internal veins occupy the 
area below thu median, the latter being short and some- 
times wanting. 

The arrangement of these veins — called by some 
author^ nerves and nervures — is of value in classification, 
and they also serve to locate markings which rest either 
near or upon them. When the wings are expanded 
(and that is presumed to be the case in the following 
descriptions of species and in the key), the front edge is 
called the costa, the part next to the body the base, the 
edge farthest from the body the outer or terminal margin, 
the part opposite the costa the posterior or hind margin 
(the inner margin of some authors). The angle between 
the costa and the outer margin is called the apex ; the 
one between the outer and hind margin may be known 
as the posterior angle when applied to the fore wings. 
The hind wings have the costa, outer margin, and apex 
the same as the fore wings, the latter being sometimes 
spoken of as the outer angle, but the part of the hind wing 
next to the body is called the internal or inner margin, 
and the angle at the end of this the anal angle. 

In Europe, and to some extent in this country, a 
system of numbering the veins has been adopted. The 
plan is to number them in order at their termination 
along the margin of the wing, without regard to their 
length. By this plan the one extending from the base 
of the wing below the median would be called 1, the first 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



31 



or lower branch of the median 2, the second branch 3, 
and so on round the outer margin and costa to the costal 
vein, which will have the highest number. If, however, 
there are two veins below the median, the submedian and 
internal, the first is called 1 a, the second 1 b. The same 
system is observed with the hind wings. 

The membranes of the wings are concealed beneath a 
covering of minute colored scales. The membrane itself 
is not colored, the colors of 
the wing being due to the 
various hues of the scales. 
These are arranged in regular 
rows (see Fig. 7), and lap 
over one another like shingles 
on a roof. The scales are 
modified hairs, and are of 
various shapes. The basal end 
by which the scale is attached 
to the wing comes more or 
less abruptly to a point ; but the other end varies, being 
rounded or variously toothed or pointed. This covering 
has gained for these insects the scientific name Lepidop- 
tera, from two Greek words which signify scaly-wings. 

These scales cover both the upper and the lower surface, 
and they are usually of a different color below from what 
they are above. Sometimes this difference is merely a 
difference in shade of the same general color, at other 
times it is more than that, as in the Papilios, etc. The 
two sexes are often different on the upper surface, but 
are more nearly alike beneath, as in many of the Pam- 
philas. 

The abdomen is either oval, as in Papilio, Vanessa, 




Section of butterfly-wing showing 
how the scales are attached. 



32 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

etc., or more slender, as in Pieris, or nearly conical, as 
in some of the Hesperidse. It consists of eight or nine 
segments, each furnished with a spiracle on each side. 
The digestive system, which in the larva state was an 
alimentary canal, consisting of a cylindrical muscular 
tube extending from one end of the body to the other, 
enlarging in some places and contracting in others, so 
as to be naturally divided into oesophagus, stomach, and} 
intestines, now has changed into a more slender, tortuous 
tube twice the length of the body. The respiratory 
system is similar to that in the larva state. The ner- 
vous system consists of seven ganglia, while in the larva 
there were eleven. The reduction is due to the fusion 
during the pupa state of those in the anterior part of 
the body, forming two thoracic ganglia, which distribute 
nerves to the legs and the muscles of the wings. The 
ganglia in the head and abdomen give off fibres to the 
various organs of these parts, each ganglion serving as 
a brain to the part in which it is located, but at the 
same time communicating with the other ganglia by 
nervous filaments. 

HABITS OF BUTTEKFLIES 

Butterflies are day-flyers. They rejoice in the warm 
sunshine, few being seen on the wing if the weather be 
cloudy with a cold wind. On the side of a mountain as 
the sun was setting, throwing different portions into the 
shadow from the base to the top, the writer has seen the 
butterflies fly from cluster to cluster of flowers up the 
acclivity, going just fast enough to keep in the sun- 
shine. The kinds that are to be found only in the 
woods will be seen flitting about in a patch of sunshine 



^M^^^HHMH^^^H^ 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 33 

where the sun shines through a break in the trees, sip- 
ping sweets from the flowers or basking on a leaf; but if 
some other patch of sunshine is sought, it is by nearly 
direct flight. It is true such butterflies as Debts Port- 
landia are almost habitually in the shade; but even they 
are more active on sunshiny days than when the sky is 
overcast with clouds. 

The direction of the wind seems to affect all insect 
life. Though the sun may shine in a cloudless sky, if 
the wind blow moderately strong from the northwest, 
butterflies take to the wing but little ; and there is more 
111 this than the fact that a wind prevents their flying 
with ease. A much stronger south wind would tempt 
them forth and cause them to be blown about where the 
wind was strongest, but behind some hill or sheltering 
wood they would be found more at their ease. 

The habits of different species in the places they fre- 
quent vary greatly. There are a few species, as Colias 
Philodicej Danais Archippus, and a few others, that are 
to be found every w T here within the limits of their range, 
in wood and field, town and country. Papilio Asterias 
is another species that has a wide range, while P. Tro- 
ilus, Ajax, Philenor, and Crcsphontes are confined more 
to the open woods, where they may be seen in search of 
their food-plants, or hovering over the flowers of some 
Vernonia or Eupatorium, or slaking their thirst at a 
damp place in the road. With wind and weather favor- 
able, these may often be seen on flowers at a distance 
from the woods. Cullidryas Eubule and Service, when 
they occur in this region, are to be found in the fields or 
open w r oods ; but they fly rapidly, stopping for a moment 
on flowers, seemingly as though migrating. From this 



34 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

manner of flying, which is usually in a north or south 
general direction, the writer has thought that they did 
not breed here, but that the larvae were to be found 
farther south ; and this has in a measure been confirmed 
by never finding any larvae or eggs on their food-plants. 
The food-plant of a species determines to some extent 
the places of its resort. Cabbage and turnips being 
largely the food-plants of Pieris Rapce, this species will 
be found more about gardens and fields where these 
plants are grown. The tame and prairie grasses furnish- 
ing food for the different forms of Satyrus Alope, this 
species will be found in meadows and prairies ; while the 
Neonymphas and Debts Portlandia, feeding more on the 
grasses growing in shady woods, may be sought in these 
places. The Neonymphas fly low and with a jerking 
motion, unless disturbed, but Debis has a different flight. 
The male selects some tree, on whose trunk he may be 
found, darting out upon every intruder, large or small, 
to return again to his post ; the female being near by, 
perched upon a blade of grass or a leaf. The Theclas 
are to be found in some open wood or on bushes along 
the border of a clearing. They rest upon the sunny side 
of a bush on a leaf, frequently flitting out and back again 
to the same or an adjoining leaf; and Feniseca Tarquinius 
has a similar habit. The Lycaenas are to be found more 
about grasses and flowers, or hovering over some moist 
place in the path or about some pool or small stream. 
The different species of Pyrameis or Junonia are often 
to be found in a path or road, from which they will fly 
up to alight a short distance ahead, flying past you after 
this is repeated a few times. Limenitis Disijppus has a 
similar habit, being found not far from some clump of 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 35 

willows. L. Ursula is more often found in or near the 
woods on the lower leaves of some tree or shrub, or 
sipping moisture from a mud-hole. The Pamphilas are 
essentially grass insects, and are seen more frequently 
about the rank growths of semi-water-grasses of a swamp 
than in any other place, except a blossoming clover-field. 
In spring the wild plums and judas-trees form a resort 
for several species of Eudanius, Nisoniades, and Papilios, 
as well as for many other insects. 

Some species flock together in great numbers, espe- 
cially after they have multiplied to a great extent, as 
Danais Archippus; others are seldom to be found ex- 
cept in pairs, as Debis Portlandia already spoken of, and 
Paphia Troglodyta. The latter, instead of sitting upon 
the trunk of a tree, takes position on a leaf, a stick, or a 
stump, where he stands guard over his mate, chasing 
away every intruder and returning again to the same 
place. When the sun sinks in the west, or the sky 
becomes overcast with clouds, the butterflies prepare for 
the night's sleep. In doing this, they usually attach 
themselves to the under side of a leaf, with the wings 
folded back to back, and the fore wings thrown back so 
as to be partly covered by the hind wings. Many 
species are of such colors on the under side that in this 
position they are not conspicuous, the colors simulating 
those of the surrounding objects. The coppery brown of 
the under side of Paphia closely resembles that of a dead 
oak-leaf, and so do the dull browns of Satyrus, Neo- 
nympha, and others, though some are more variegated. 
The writer has frequently seen Argynnis Cyhele fly about 
several low trees and try several leaves before finding 
one to its liking. Butterflies will sometimes do this to 



36 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



avoid danger. A female Calidryas Sennce was struck at 
by the writer with a net as it was passing on the wing. 
It dodged the net, but at once turned from its course and 
flew to a small oak-bush, where it settled, in an attitude 
of repose, on the under side of a leaf, from which it was 
taken by the hand. 

Some species hibernate in the butterfly, or imago, state, 
as Vanessa Antiopa and some of the Graptas. If a chip 
is cut from a tree in the forest so that the sap flows a 
little, these butterflies may be seen late in the fall, when- 
ever the weather is mild, sipping at such a place. As it 
becomes cooler they retire to some sheltered place, where 
they anchor themselves by the hooks in their feet and 
become lethargic, remaining there till the warmth of 
spring arouses them from their slumbers. The wounded 
trees, fresh-cut stumps, and early flowers furnish them 
the food their system demands in the spring; and in 
due time the eggs are deposited for the new generation. 



COLLECTING BUTTEKFLIES. 



Fig. 8. 



This may be considered under two heads, — collecting 

the adult imagines 
and rearing them 
from the eggs or 
larvae. In the first 
a few implements 
are essential, though 
they need not be ex- 
pensive, — a net and 
a poison-bottle. A 
net to be used easily should be made as light as possible* 
though it must be stout enough to be serviceable. It 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. 37 

may consist of three parts, the bag, hoop, and handle, 
as shown in Fig. 8. The hoop, c, should be made of 
about No. 8 wire, and nine inches in diameter will be 
a convenient size. Any tinsmith can make this. The 
wire, after being bent in the form of a circle, should have 
the two ends bent out so that they may come together as 
in c, though not left so long, an inch and a half being 
long enough. The second part of the hoop, shown at b. 
consists of a tin ferrule which may be a socket for the re- 
ception of the handle. This should be four and a half 
inches long, three- fourths of an inch wide at the large 
end, and tapering down so that the two ends of the 
wire when placed close together will just fit in. Place 
these in the small end of the ferrule till the tin comes 
against the circle, and fasten with solder. Many use a 
patent brass socket with an adjustable wire fastened with 
a screw, but I find these heavier than the one here de- 
scribed, besides being more expensive, this not costing 
more than from fifteen to twenty-five cents. The bag 
part of the net, a, should be made of some strong but 
light material, such as " Swiss," though mosquito bar will 
do very good service. If the material used is a yard 
in width, this may be taken for the length of the bag, and 
the dimensions the other way so much as will go round the 
hoop. The I >ottom of the bag should be rounded, the cloth 
of the other end put over the wire, and over this a piece 
of strong muslin, and the whole sewed close to the wire. 
For a handle a stick about the size of a walking-cane 
will answer, or one two and a half feet in length, made 
of some light but stout wood. Black walnut and ash 
are preferable to any of the softer woods, as they are not 
so easily broken. The handle should not be more than 

4 



38 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and should taper a 
little at one end so as to fit into the socket of the hoop. 
A net made in this way is light enough to be used easily 
by even a child without straining the wrist, and yet is 
strong enough for all ordinary purposes. If it is desirable 
to put the net in a valise or trunk when one is travelling, 
the handle may be made in two pieces by sawing it in 
two in the middle, having a close-fitting tin or brass 
ferrule made to hold it together when in use. 

Chloroform has been used to some extent for killing 
insects, but what is called a " poison-bottle" is pref- 
erable to this, on account both of expense and of ease 
in use. This is made by placing in a large-mouthed 
bottle several pieces of cyanide of potassium, the amount 
depending upon the size of the bottle. If the bottle 
is large and the glass thin, it is better to break the cyan- 
ide into pieces not larger than a pea, as otherwise the 
bottle may be broken by expansion of the poison-cake. 
After the chemical is in the bottle, pour in water to the 
depth of half an inch or less, and slowly sprinkle in 
plaster of Paris till a hard, dry cake is formed, having 
some loose plaster on top of the cake. Upon turning the 
side and rolling it round, this will absorb any moisture 
on the inside of the bottle. Wipe down the sides now 
with a cloth, using a stick if necessary, pour out the 
dry plaster, wipe again both inside and out, put in the 
cork, and the bottle is ready for use. Quinine-bottles 
are a very good size for small insects. The glass jars 
with tin tops in which " Old Reliable" baking-powder 
is put up make excellent bottles for general use. It is 
better to have several poison-bottles, so that one may be 
had for use at auy time without disturbing those that 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



39 



may be in another waiting to be spread. In excursions 
for butterflies it is well to have two or more bottles, so 
that when an insect is killed it may be put into another 
bottle, and not be beaten by the fluttering wings of the 
next capture. Even then but few should be kept to- 
gether in the second bottle, as they soon get rubbed by 
being carried about. Some means of pinning them in 
the field as soon as they have been in the poison-bottle 
long enough to insure their not coming to life again is 
preferable. To avoid this rubbing, the writer obtained 
a small tin box with a handle at the top, and the lid 
fastening with a clasp, made a cyanide-cake in the bot- 
tom, and put a sheet of cork round the inside, with the 
edge coming just to the top of the box. This box is 
eight and a half inches long by six wide, and five high ; 
but that is rather small to hold a large number of cap- 
tures. With a box of this kind it is necessary to use 
only one bottle, as when the insects are pinned on the 
inside of the box they are still under the influence of the 
poison, and hence may be pinned as soon as 'hey become 
quiet in the bottle. This has another advantage over a 
box without the cyanide, as the specimens need not be 
spread till the next day after they are captured, or even 
longer. If allowed to remain long in the box, however, 
the pins are liable to corrode. 

The subject of using the net may be passed over 
briefly, as a little practice is of more value than pages of 
verbal directions. When the insect is in the net, a quick 
turn of the hand brings the top down with a fold in the 
bag and prevents its escape. Then by carefully getting 
its body between the thumb and finger outside the net, 
with the wings closed back to back, fluttering is pre- 



40 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



vented, and the wings are kept from being broken or 
the scales from being rubbed from the body and wings. 
After this is done, the poison-bottle, with the cork out, 
may be inserted under the net and the butterfly let into it, 
where he will soon succumb to the poisonous fumes. In 
taking small specimens out of the net it is not necessary 
to seize them between the thumb and finger : with the 
hoop on the ground, the bottom of the net may be raised 
up, when they will fly upward as far as they can get. 
Inserting now the open bottle into the net, the specimens 
are easily secured. 

After the butterflies are captured, what we shall do with 
them depends upon whether they are to be at once pre- 
pared for the cabinet, or whether for any reason this 
cannot be done. Only entomological pins, or those pre- 
pared specially for this use, should be used in pinning 
specimens. For butterflies, Nos. 3, 4, 5, and G of Klaeger's 
make are considered the best, suiting the pin to the size 

of the insect. The pin 
should be inserted into 
the middle of the thorax, 
and passed through till 
at least one-fourth of 
the pin is above the 
body, some preferring 
as much as one-third 
being left above. This 
will give room to take 
hold of the pin in trans- 
ferring from box to box without injury to the covering 
of the thorax, and will bring the specimens to the same 
height in the cabinet. A fter pinning, the wings should 



PlO. 9. 




Setting-board. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 4] 

be spread in the manner represented by Fig. 9, on what is 
called a setting-board; This may be made of any length 
desired, and several sizes should be on hand to accom- 
modate different-sized specimens. They may be made by 
taking clapboards or siding, sawing them into strips, and 
nailing them to blocks of wood one inch high, as in the 
figure, the thin edge of the board inward, with a space be- 
tween for the bodies of the insects, varying according to 
the size of the specimen to be pinned on the board. This 
makes the boards slope a little towards the middle, and 
brings the outer part of the wings a little higher 
than next to the body ; but this is best, as when 
taken from the boards they may droop a little. 
If the setting-boards are twenty-three inches 
long, it will be necessary to support them by a 
block in the middle. Under the space between 
the boards should be fastened a narrow strip of 
one-eighth inch cork, or a piece of thin paste- 
board, through which the pins must be pushed 
till the lower side of the wings, when spread, 
comes on a level with the boards. 

In spreading insects' wings setting-needles 
(see Fig. 10) should be used. In handling speci- 
mens a pair of spring forceps with smooth points 
are essential to prevent rubbing by the fingers. 
The setting-needle is made by taking a medium- 
sized needle in a pair of pliers and forcing the nee die. 
eye end into a piece of soft wood. Five of 
these will be found convenient, — one with which to bring 
the wings down if they stand erect, and the other four 
to bring the wings round in place, inserting each one into 
the soft setting-board through the wing when the latter 

4* 



42 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

is where it is wanted, li is customary now among ento« 
mologists to bring the lore wings forward until the hind 
margins of these wings shall form a straight line, as in 
Fig. Wl, and then bring the hind wings far enough round 
to look natural. When the wings are in place, put 
on each side from one to two narrow strips of paper, as 
shown in the figure. 

After the insects are spread on the boards they may 
be put into a drying-case, where they should remain from 
live to ten days, according to the size oi' the specimens 
and the state of the weather. A convenient ease may 
be made in the form of a box long enough to hold the 
boards, set on edge, with shelves put in it three inches 
apart, and with a door in front. It may be deep enough 
for two of the boards to go on each shelf. If the back 
of the case is made of wire-cloth the specimens will dry 
more readily. 

[f conveniences are not at hand for spreading butter- 
flies when caught, as in travelling, they may be pinned, 
but not spread, and put into empty boxers, to be relaxed 
and spread at some future time; or they may be put into 
papers or small envelopes, with such notes as to place and 
date of capture, etc., as may be of interest marked on the 
outside. To prepare a paper for this purpose, take a strip 
of ordinary writing-paper a little longer than wide, and 
fold it obliquely across the middle so that a quarter of an 
inch shall project beyond each of the sides of the 4 triangle* 
thus made. With the butterfly inside of this, the wings 
folded back to back, and the projecting part folded 
oyer the a\ixc on each side, a receptacle is formed which 
will keep the insect in good condition as long as de- 
sired. The size of the papers should vary with the size 



■^MH 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



43 



of the specimen to be put up. Insects put up in this way 
may be packed in boxes and sent through the mails to 
any distance with little danger of injury. 

When desirable to prepare specimens, not spread, for 
the cabinet, they may be put into a jar or box having 
two inches of wet sand in the bottom, over which a couple 
of thicknesses of paper have been placed. By remaining 
in such a place from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, or 
longer if not pliable by that, time, the specimens become 
softened so that the wings may be spread the same as 
fresh specimens. The jar or box containing the speci- 
mens should be kept in a cool place, .:. ; otherwise the 
insects may mould before they are relaxed enough to be 
spread. 

Some form of a cabinet to hold the specimens after 
they are dry is a, necessity. The best form is that con- 
sisting of a series of closed drawers, all enclosed by doors, 
as this double enclosing insures partial immunity from 
museum pests. Among the many patterns or styles the 
simple is often as good as the more complicated. This 
may consist of drawers of any desired size, with a glass 
top set into a frame that matches tightly on to the lower 
part. For a large cabinet the glass may be sixteen by 
twenty inches, and the drawers one and three- fourths or 
one and seven-eighths inches deep on the inside from the 
bottom to the glass. As many as seventy-two of these 
drawers may be arranged in a cabinet, in three upright 
rows, or a less number if desired. For a smaller cabinet 
the drawers may be smaller, as, for instance, fourteen by 
sixteen inches glass with the same depth; and any num- 
ber from sixteen to forty, arranged in two rows. It is 
better to have the cabinet made of souk; hard wood, as 



44 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

cherry or black walnut, though the drawers, all but the 
front, may be of pine. When made, the drawers should 
be lined on the bottom with insect cork, and this and the 
sides, up to the glass, covered with white paper. If 
the paper be ruled both ways with blue lines one-fourth 
of an inch apart, this will facilitate putting specimens in 
with regularity, and will not detract from the looks. 

Some use boxes made in the form of books, which are 
convenient on some accounts, but cannot be recommended 
except as a temporary expedient. 

Museum pests are great destroyers of collections. 
These consist of one or more species of Dermestidse, a 
family of small beetles, which in the larva state eat any 
dead animal matter if it be dry, and one or more species 
of small mites. Camphor gum wrapped in a piece of 
thin cloth and put into a corner of the drawer, or a 
naphthaline cone pinned in, will destroy the mites, but 
the Dermestes must be sought and killed. Nothing short 
of vigilance will keep them out. When a cabinet is free 
from them, careful imarding against their introduction 
in new specimens added to it will generally insure im- 
munity from i hem. Where specimens are suspected of 
being infested, they should be placed in a box away from 
the cabinet and watched, and not introduced until known 
to be free from these pests. 

One of the best means of obtaining good specimens 
of many butterflies is by raising them from the eggs 01 
captured larvae. Besides good specimens, a knowledge 
of the preparatory stages is thus obtained, and this is 
not less important than the habits and other items we 
learn about the imagines. It is now well known, chiefly 
through the investigations of Mr. Edwards, that the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 45 

females of most, if not of all, of the species of butter- 
flies when caught and confined with the proper food- 
plant will readily deposit eggs. If the plant be small, 
it may be transferred to a flower-pot, and the whola 
covered with a Swiss muslin bag, supported by two or 
three sticks set in the dirt in the pot. If the food-plant 
is a tree or bush, then a limb may be enclosed in the 
bag with the butterfly in it. The female placed in the 
bag may not deposit eggs at once, but in most cases she 
will do so within two or three days. Some species do 
not lay their eggs till some time after their emergence 
from the chrysalis, as the eggs are not sufficiently 
matured in the ovaries. With such species it is better 
to take a specimen which by its worn appearance shows 
that it has been some time from the chrysalis. It may 
be desirable to keep the butterfly alive for several days, 
and this can be done only by feeding her, as without 
food she would starve. A method recommended by 
Mr. Edwards is to put raw dried apples into a small 
dish with a little sugar and w r ater. The insect will eat 
this readily, and by this means eggs may be secured 
when they would not be otherwise. 

If the food-plant is not known, several plants may be 
tried till one is found upon which the butterfly will 
oviposit. Often a food-plant may be guessed by know- 
ing what an allied species feeds upon ; though this does 
not always hold true. In the part of this work devoted 
to the descriptions of species, the food-plants of the 
species are given so far as known. As will be seen, there 
are a number of species of whose preparatory stages 
nothing is known, embracing, among others, nearly all 
of the Hesperidse, 



4(j THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Iii feeding the larvae, some entomologists leave the 
muslin bag over the limb where the eggs were deposited 
until the eggs hatch, and allow the larvae to feed on the 
leaves thus enclosed. This is a good way to obtain chry- 
salides for butterflies with little expense of labor in feed- 
ing and caring for the larvae, if only the perfect inserts 
are desired, but it gives very little chance for observations. 

If it is desirable to study the larvae as they grow (and 
nothing about entomology can be more interesting), the 
eggs, with the leaves on which they are placed, should be 
removed to some vessel where they will not dry up, and 
where they will be secure from the attacks of ants. 
Ordinary jelly-glasses with tin tops are good for this 
purpose. When the eggs begin to hatch, the young 
larvae may be transferred to another jelly-glass, or, if 
there are only a few of them, they may be left for a day 
or two in the same dish, introducing tender leaves for 
them to eat. Mr. Edwards suggests the use of tubes 
for a few of the larvae, so that they may be more easily 
observed while young than in a larger dish. The time 
of depositing the eggs should be noted, also the time of 
hatching, and the shape and color of the young larvae, 
making observations every twelve or twenty-four hours. 

The larvae of butterflies moult or shed their skins 
from four to five times in coming to maturity, and 
usually they present different colors and markings each 
time they change their outer covering. These notes, 
taken at least as often as they moult, and a description 
of the egg and chrysalis, with the dates at which these 
changes take place, form the life-history of the species. 
To this should be added any other items of interest that 
may be observed, such as the food-plant, whether solitary 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



47 



or gregarious, the manner of feeding and place of rest- 
ing, place and manner in which the chrysalis is formed, 
manner of depositing the eggs, etc. Such life-histories 
form a valuable part of our knowledge of these insects. 

Moulting is a critical period in the history of a cater- 
pillar. To make preparation for it the larva fixes its 
feet to some object, and after remaining quiet for a time 
bursts the skin open on the back of the thorax, and 
through this opening comes out of its old skin. At 
first all the external parts are soft and tender, for which 
reason it is easily injured. Soon the parts harden by 
evaporation of the water, and the caterpillar then resumes 
its feeding. During the time of moulting it should not 
be transferred from one vessel to another if it can be 
avoided. The time of moulting may be known by the 
enlargement of the neck or second segment, caused by 
the partial withdrawing of the head from the old skin 
and pushing it up against this part. 

If the larvae when first hatched are placed in tubes, 
they may afterwards be placed in a jelly-dish, where 
they may be kept till of considerable size. The writer 
has kept several species in jelly-dishes till they were 
three-fourths of an inch long. From this they may be 
transferred to the breeding-cage, or vivarium. Some 
entomologists use a cage made of wire gauze over a frame- 
work, with a zinc bottom to hold dirt and the food, but 
these are expensive. The writer has used for a number 
of years boxes of different sizes with a glass in front for 
a door, sliding in upright grooves. Upon the bottom of 
the box is placed two and a half inches of garden-soil and 
sand, — just enough of the latter to prevent the soil from 
diying in hard cakes. By wetting the dirt occasionally, 



48 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

and placing the food-plant on the dirt or setting it up 
against the sides, the conditions can be made very nearly 
what they are where the larvae feed unconfined on the 
grass or tree in their freedom ; and this making their 
condition as nearly as possible what it is in nature is 
essential to successful breeding. 

It is a mistaken idea that larvae will not bear confine- 
ment in close vessels. Being obliged to leave home 
for a time when two species were about half grown, I 
had some of each put into jelly-dishes with their food- 
plants and took them with me. They were kept in 
these dishes till they reached maturity by being fed each 
day, and they produced the imagines without the loss of 
a single individual ; and this is not the only instance 
in which the writer has kept them in this way. 

In an article in the " Canadian Entomologist" on 
rearing larvae (vol. xvi. page 116), Mr. W. H. Edwards 
says, " Larvae bear confinement in tight glasses well, and 
I often receive them from correspondents as distant as 
Florida or California, through the mails, in good condi- 
tion. The plants keep well in this sort of confinement 
also. I have never used what are known as breeding- 
cages, which are expensive if purchased, and are trouble- 
some to make at home." Farther on in the same article 
he says, " As for large larvae, as of the Papilios, I 
generally use powder-kegs (wood), or nail-kegs, one or 
the other of which can be had anywhere. Remove the 
top hoop, and use the second one to bind down the 
cotton-cloth cover ; put a little earth in the bottom, and 
in it set a two-quart glass fruit-jar filled with water, in 
which branches of the food-plant are placed. No 
further care is required than to substitute fresh branches 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 49 

for the old ones as the leaves are consumed, and the 
larvae will go on to pupation. This is when it is 
desired to get chrysalides by wholesale. 

"But where observation of the larvae is necessary, 
glass tubes and tumblers, and gauze-covered flower-pots, 
and tin pails and nail-kegs, will answer all the purposes 
of elaborate and expensive cages, and be more satisfactory, 
I apprehend. At any rate, all my work is done in this 
way." A reference to Mr. Edwards's publications will 
attest the success of his methods of rearing butterfly 
larvae. 

USE OF THE KEY. 

In the preparation of the following key for the aid of 
the student in identifying specimens, an effort has been 
made so to combine a key to the genera with one to the 
species that they shall be one key, and at the same time 
have the merits of separate keys. This has been done 
by inserting, at the end of a description referring to a 
genus, the generic name as well as the number referring 
to where the specific descriptions begin. If the genus 
to which a given specimen belongs is known, it will not 
be necessary to begin at the first of the key and go 
through till the particular genus is reached, but by 
running the eye over the names at the right-hand side 
of the page the genus may be found, and the number 
after the generic name will direct where to go to find 
the species. 

In the preparation of the key such characters have 
been used as would be the most readily recognized by 
the student, facility in identification being aimed at, 
though by so doing the tables were made in a measure 
artificial. The numbers in parentheses after the species 
c d 5 



50 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

refer to the numbers at the head of each specific descrip- 
tion in the body of the work, the other numbers at the 
right-hand side of the page refer to other parts of the key. 

NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES. 

Few of our American butterflies have common names 
that are generally recognized. The few that have com- 
mon names are mostly such as have obtained them by 
reason of their being injurious insects, such as the Rape 
or European Cabbage Butterfly, etc. For this reason 
only the scientific names are used in this work. If it 
is desirable to use a common name, the specific name 
can be used as such ; indeed, this has for some time been 
the custom in many localities. For instance, Papilio 
Asterias is spoken of as the Asterias butterfly, P. Ajax 
as the Ajax butterfly, etc. Pieris Rapai, because of its 
being brought to this country from Europe, is usually 
called the European Cabbage butterfly, though it is often 
called the Rape butterfly. 

The scientific names are, like the scientific names of 
other groups of natural objects, Latin words, and as 
such are subject to the rules of that language in pronun- 
ciation. By observing the place of accent as given in 
the following list, and remembering that, with few ex- 
ceptions, in Latin each vowel makes a syllable, little 
difficulty need be experienced in pronunciation. To 
those who are classical scholars no such suggestions are 
necessary. 

The scientific name consists of two words, the first the 
generic name, or the name of the genus. This has nearly 
its parallel in the last word of a man's name. The second 
is the specific name, or that which is used to identify the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 51 

particular kind. In the names of human beings, the 
given name, or that which is used to designate a par- 
ticular individual, in a measure corresponds with this. 
After the specific name is given, in an abbreviated form, 
the name of the entomologist who described the insect 
originally under the specific name here used. 



ACCENTUATED LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
EASTERN UNITED STATES. 

1. Pa-piFi-o A'jax, Linnaeus. 

2. Pa-piFi-o Phi-le'nor, Linnaeus. 

3. Pa-piFi-o As-te'ri-as, Fabricius. 

" " aberr. Cal-ver-ley'i-i, Grote. 

" " var. As-te-ro-Fdes, Reakirt. 

4. Pa-piFi-o Tro'i-lus, Linnaeus. 

5. Pa-piFi-o Pal-a-me'des, Drury. 

6. Pa-piFi-o Tur'nus, Linnaeus. 

" " dim. form Glau'cus, Linnaeus. 

7. Pa-piFi-o Cres-phon'tes, Cramer. 

8. Pa-piFi-o Po-lyd'a-mas, Linnaeus. 

9. FFe-ris 11-a-Fre, Godart. 

10. PFe-ris Mo-nus'te, Linnaeus. 

11. PFe-ris Pro-tod'i-ce, Boisduval and Leconte. 

" " form Ver-na'lis, Edwards. 

12. PFe-ris Na'pi, Esper. 

" " aberr. Vir-gin-i-en'sis, Edwards. 

" " form Ol-e-ra'ce-a iEs'ti-va, Harris. 

13. PFe-ris Vir-gin-i-en'sis, Edwards. 

14. PFe-ris Ra'pae, Linnaeus. 

" " var. Man'ni, Mayer. 

" " var. No'vae An'gli-ae, Scudder. 

15. Na-tha'lis I'o-le, Boisduval. 

" " var. I-re'ne, Fitch. 

16. An-thocb/a-ris O-lym'pi-a, Edwards. 

17. An-thoch / a-ris Ge-nu'ti-a, Fabricius. 

18. Cal-lid'ry-as Eu-bu'le, Linnaeus. 

19. Cal-lid'ry-as Sen'nse, Linnaeus. 



52 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

20. Cal-lid'ry-as Phil'e-a, Linnaeus. 

21. Cal-lid'ry-as A-gar'i-the, Boisduval. 

22. Kric-o-go'ni-a Lys'i-de, Godart. 

" " form Te-ris'sa, Lucas. 

23. Co'li-as Cae-so'ni-a, Stoll. 

24. Co'li-as Eu-ryth'e-me, Boisduval. 

" " form A-ri-ad'ne, Edwards. 

" " " Kee-way'din, Edwards. 

25. Co'li-as Phi-lod'i-ce, Godart. 
20. Co'li-as In-te'ri-or, Scudder. 

27. Te'ri-as Ni-cip'pe, Cramer. 

28. Te'ri-as Mex-i-ca'na, Boisduval. 

29. Te'ri-as Li'sa, Boisduval and Leconte. 

30. Te'ri-as De'li-a, Cramer. 

31. Te'ri-as Ju-cun / da, Boisduval and Leconte. 

32. Hel-i-co'ni-a Char-i-to'ni-a, Linnaeus. 

33. Dan'a-is Ar-chip'pus, Fabricius. 

34. Dan'a-is Ber-e-ni'ce, Cramer. 

35. Co-lae'nis Ju'li-a, Fabricius. 

36. A-grau'lis Va-nil'lae, Linnaeus. 

37. Ar-gyn'nis I-da'li-a, Drury. 

" " aberr. Ash'ta-roth, Fisher. 

38. Ar-gyn'nis Di-a'na, Cramer. 

39. Ar-gyn'nis Cyb'e-le, Fabricius. 

40. Ar-gyn'nis Aph-ro-di'te, Fabricius 

41. Ar-gyn'nis Al-ces'tis, Edwards. 

42. Ar-gyn'nis At-lan'tis, Edwards. 

43. Ar-gyn'nis My-ri'na, Cramer. 

44. Ar-gyn'nis Mon-ti'nus, Scudder. 

45. Ar-gyn'nis Bel-lo'na, Fabricius. 

46. Eup-toi-e'ta Clau'di-a, Cramer. 

47. Mel-i-tse'a Pha'e-ton, Drury. 

" " aberr. Su-per'ba, Strecker. 

" " " Phae-thu'sa, Hulst. 

48. Mel-i-tae'a Har-ris'i-i, Scudder. 

49. Phy-ci-o'des Nyc'te-is, Doubleday and Hewitson. 

50. Phy-ci-o'des Car-lo'ta, Keakirt. 

51. Phy-ci-o'des Pha'on, Edwards. 

52. Phy-ci-o'des Tha'ros, Drury. 

" " form Mar'ci-a, Edwards. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 53 

Phy-ci-o'dcs Tha'ros, form Mor'phe-us, Fabricius. 

" " " aberr. Pack-arMi-i, Saunders. 

53. Phy-ci-o'dcs Bates'i-i, Kcakirt. 
64. E-re'si-a Fris'i-a, Poey. 

55. Grap'ta In-ter-ro-ga-ti-o'nis, Fabricius. 

" form Fa-bric/i-i, Edwards. 

" " Uni-bro'sa, Liutner. 

56. Grap'ta Com'rna, Harris. 

" " form Har-ris'i-i, Edwards. 

" " " Dry'as, Edwards. 

57. Grap'ta Fau'nus, Edwards. 

58. Grap'ta Grac'i-lis, Grote and Kobinson. 

59. Grap'ta Prog'ne, Cramer. 

60. Grap'ta J Al'bum, Boisduval and Lcconte. 
ol. Va-nes'sa An-ti'o-pa, Linnaeus. 

" " aberr. Lint-ne'ri-i, Fitch. 

62. Va-nes'sa Mil-ber'ti-i, Godart. 

63. Py-ra-me'is At-a-lan'ta, Linnaeus. 

64. Py-ra-me / is Hun'te-ra, Fabricius. 

65. Py-ra-me'is CarMu-i, Linnaeus. 

66. Ju-no'ni-a Coe'ni-a, Hiibner. 

67. A-nar'ti-a Jat'ro-phae, Linnaeus. 

68. Eu'ni-ca Mon'i-ma, Cramer. 

69. Ti-me'tes Pet're-us, Cramer. 

70. Vic-to-ri'na Sten'e-les, Linnaeus. 

71. Di-a-de'ma Mi-sip'pus, Linnaeus. 

72. Li-men-i'tis Ur'su-la, Fabricius. 

73. Li-men-i'tis Ar'the-mis, Drury. 

" " form Lam'i-na, Fabricius. 

" " " Pro-ser'pi-na, Edwards. 

74. Li-men-i'tis Di-sip'pus, Godart. 

" " var. Flor-i-dcn'sis, Strecker. 

" " aberr. Pseu-do-do-rip'pus, Strecker 

75. Li-men-i'tis E'ros, Edwards. 

76. Ap-a-tu'ra Cel'tis, Boisduval and Leconte. 

77. Ap-a-tu'ra A-lic/i-a, Edwards. 

78. Ap-a-tu'ra Cly'ton, Boisduval and Leconte. 

" " form Pro-ser'pi-na, Scudder. 

(I u a q_ c 

79. Ap-a-tu'ra Flo'ra, Edwards. 

5* 



54 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

80. Pa'phi-a Trog-lod'y-ta, Fabricius. 

81. De'bis Port-lan / di-a, Fabricius. 

82. Ne-o-nym'pha Can'thus, Boisduval and Leconte. 

83. Ne-o-nym'pha Gcm'ma, Hiibner. 

84. Ne-o-nym'pha A-re-o-la'tus, Smith and Abbott. 

85. Ne-o-nym'pha Eu'ry-tris, Fabricius. 

86. Ne-o-nym'pha So-syb'i-us, Fabricius. 

87. Sat'y-rus Pe-ga'la, Fabricius. 

88. Sat'y-rus Al'o-pe, Fabricius. 

" " form Ma-rit'i-ma, Edwards. 

" " " Neph'e-le, Kirby. 

11 " " O-lym'pus, Edwards. 

89. Chi-o-no'bas Jut'ta, Hiibner. 

90. Chi-o-no / bas Se-mid'e-a, Say. 

91. Lib-y-the'a Bach-man / ni, Kirtland. 

92. Ca-leph'e-lis Cae'ni-us, Linnaeus. 

93. Ca-leph'e-lis Bo-re-a'lis, Grote and Kobinson 

94. Eu-me'ni-a At'a-la, Poey. 

95. Thec'la Ha-le'sus, Cramer. 

96. Thec'la M Al'burn, Boisduval and Leconte. 

97. Thec'la Fa-vo'ni-us, Smith and Abbott. 

98. Thec'la Au-tol'y-cus, Edwards. 

99. Thec'la Hu'mu-li, Harris. 

100. Thec'la A-ca'di-ca, Edwards. 

101. Thec'la Ed-wards'i-i, Saunders. 

102. Thec'la Witt-feld'i-i, Edwards. 

103. Thec'la Cal'a-nus, Hiibner. 

- " " var. Lo-ra'ta, Grote and Robinson. 

104. Thecla On-ta'ri-o, Edwards. 

105. Thec'la Stri-go'sa, Harris. 

106. Thec'la Smi-la'cis, Boisduval and Leconte. 

107. Thec'la A'cis, Drury. 

108. Thec'la Po'e-as, Hiibner. 

109. Thec'la Col-u-mel'la, Fabricius. 

110. Thec'la Au-gus'tus, Kirby. 

111. Thecla I'rus, Godart. 

" " var. Ar'sa-ce, Boisduval and Leconte. 

112. Thec'la Hen'ri-ci, Grote and Robinson. 

113. Thec'la Ni'phon, Hiibner. 

114. Thec'la Lae'ta, Edwards. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



55 



115 Thee'la Ti'tus, Fabricius. 

116. Fen-i-se'ca Tar-quin'i-us, Fabricius. 

117. Chrys-o-pha'nus Di-o'ne, Scudder. 

118. Chrys-o-pha'nus Tho'e, Boisduval and Leconte. 

119. Chrys-o-pha / nus Ep-ix-an'the, Boisduval and Leconte. 

120. Chrys-o-pba / nus Hy-poph'le-as, Boisduval. 

121. Ly-cae'na Lyg'da-mus, Doubleday. 

122. Ly-cse'na Scud-de'ri-i, Edwards. 

123. Ly-cse'na Pseu-dar-gi'o-lus, Boisduval and Leconte. 

" " form Lu'ci-a, Kirby. 

" " " Mar-gi-na'ta, Edwards 

" " " Vi-o-la'ce-a, Edwards. 

" " « Ni'gra, Edwards. 

" " " Neg-lec'ta, Edwards. 

124. Ly-cae'na Co-myn'tas_, Godart. 

125. Ly-cae'na Fi-le'nus, Poey. 

126. Ly-cae'na I-soph-thal'ma, Herrick-Schaefl'er. 

127. Ly-cae'na Ex'i-lis, Boisduval. 

128. Ly-cae'na Am'mon, Lucas. 

129. Ly-cae'na The-o'nus, Lucas. 

130. Car-te-ro-ceph'a-lus Man'dan, Edwards. 

131. Car-te-ro-ceph'a-lus O'ma-ha, Edwards. 

132. An-cy-lox'y-pha Nu'mi-tor, Fabricius. 

133. Thy-mel'i-cus Pow'e-shiek, Parker. 

134. Pam'phi-la Mas-sa-so'it, Scudder. 

135. Pam'phi-la Zab'u-lon, Boisduval and Leconte. 

" " var. Ho-bo'mok, Harris. 

" " form Po-ca-hon'tas, Scudder. 

" " var. Quad-ra-qui'na, Scudder. 

136. Pam'phi-la Sas'sa-cus, Harris. 

137. Pam'phi-la Me'te-a, Scudder. 

138. Pam'phi-la Un'cas, Edwards. 

139. Pam'phi-la Sem-i-no'le, Scudder. 

140. Pam'phi-la Le-o-nar'dus, Harris. 

141. Pam'phi-la Mes'ke-i, Edwards. 

142. Pam'phi-la Hu'ron, Edwards. 

143. Pam'phi-la Phy-lae'us, Drury. 

144. Pam'phi-la Bret'tus, Boisduval and Leconte. 

145. Pam'phi-la O'tho, Smith and Abbott. 

'* " var. E-<rer'e-met, Scudder. 



■■ 



m 



56 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

146. Pam'phi-la Peck'i-us, Kirby. 

147. Pam'phi-la Mys'tic, Scudder. 

148. Pam'phi-la Cer'nes, Boisduval and Leconte. 

149. Pam'phi-la My'us, French. 

150. Pam'phi-la Man-a-ta'a-qua, Scudder. 

151. Pam'phi-la Ver'na, Edwards. 

152. Pam'phi-la Vcs'tris, Boisduval. 

153. Pam'phi-la Met-a-com / et, Harris. 

i54. Pam'phi-la Ac'ci-us, Smith and Abbott. 

155. Pam'phi-la Lo'am-mi, Whitney. 

156. Pam'phi-la Mac-u-la'ta, Edwards. 

157. Pam'phi-la Pa-no'quin, Scudder. 

158. Pam'phi-la O-co'la, Edwards. 

159. Pam'phi-la Eth'li-us, Cramer. 

160. Pam'phi-la Bi-mac'u-la, Grote and Kobinson. 

161. Pam'phi-la Pon'ti-ac, Edwards. 

162. Pam'phi-la Di'on, Edwards. 

163. Pam'phi-la Ar'pa, Boisduval and Leconte. 

164. Pam'phi-la Pa-lat'ka, Edwards. 

165. Pam'phi-la Vi-tel'li-us, Smith and Abbott. 

166. Pam'phi-la Del-a-wa're, Edwards. 

167. Pam'phi-la Bys'sus, Edwards. 

168. Pam'phi-la O-sy'ka, Edwards. 

169. Pam'phi-la Eu-fa'la, Edwards. 

170. Pam'phi-la Fus'ca, Grote and Robinson. 

171. Pam'phi-la Hi-an'na, Scudder. 

172. Pam'phi-la Vi-a'tor, Edwards. 

173. Am-bly-scir'tcs Vi-a'lis, Edwards. 

174. Am-bly-scir'tes E'os, Edwards. 

175. Am-bly-scir'tes Sam'o-set, Scudder. 

176. Am-bly-scir'tes Tex'tor, Hubner. 

177. Pyr'gus Tes-sel-la'ta, Scudder. 

178. Pyr'gus Cen-tau're-re, Rambur. 

179. Nis-o-ni'a-des Bri'zo, Boisduval and LecontGi 

180. Nis-o-ni'a-des Ic'e-lus, Lintner. 

181. Nis-o-ni'a-des Som'nus, Lintner. 

182. Nis-o-ni'a-des Lu-cil'i-us, Lintner. 

183. Nis-o-ni'a-des Per'si-us, Scudder. 

184. Nis-o-ni'a-des Au-so'ni-us, Lintner. 

185. Nis-o-ni'a-des Mar-ti-a'lis, Scudder. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 57 

186. Nis-o-ni'a-dcs Ju-ve-na'lis, Fabricius. 

187. Nis-o-ni'a-des Pe-tro'ni-us, Lintner. 

188. Nis-o-ni'a-des Na/vi-us, Lintner. 

189. Phol-i-sc/ra Ca-tul'lus, Fabricius. 

190. Phol-i-sc/ra Hay-hurst'i-i, Edwards. 

191. Eu-da'mus Pyl'a-des, Scuddor. 

192. Eu-da'mus Ba-thyl'lus, Smith and Abbott. 

193. Eu-da'mus Lyc'i-das, Smith and Abbott. 

194. Eu-da'mus Cel'lus, Boisduval and Leconte. 

195. Eu-da'mus Zes'tos, Hiibner. 

196. Eu-da'mus Tit'y-rus, Fabricius. 

197. Eu-da'mus Pro'te-us, Linnams. 

198. E-ryc'i-des Bat-a-ba-no', Lefebvre. 

199. E-ryc'i-des A-myn'tas, Fabricius. 

200. Meg-a-thy'mus Yue'ca?, Boisduval and Leconte. 

201. Meg-a-thy'mus Cof-a-qui / , Strecker. 



ANALYTICAL KEY FOB THE DETERMINATION OF 
THE BUTTEKFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED 
STATES. 

1. 

Antenna? filiform, terminating in a knob or club, 

BUTTERFLIES, 2 
Antenna? not knobbed, MOTHS. 

2. 
Having six feet adapted for walking, 3 

Having four feet adapted for walking, the front pair aborted, 35 

3. 

Body rather slender, width of thorax from one-eighth to one- 
sixth the length of hind margin of fore wings, 4 

Body robust, width of thorax from one-fourth to one-half the 

length of hind margin of fore wings, Hesperidae, 120 

4. 
General or ground colors black, white, or yellow ; size generally 

from medium to large, Papilionidae, 5 

Colors blue, coppery, or blackish ; size generally small, 

Lycaenidae, 89 



5$ THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Colors black and green, with fulvous abdomen ; or brownish 

fulvous, with many black spots, Erycinidae, 9 s j 87 

Colors black and fulvous, palpi beak-like, 

Libythea Bachmanni, £ (91) 

5. 

Large species, hind wings tailed ; or black with submarginal 

bands of yellow spots, Papilio, 6 

Small or medium-sized species, hind wings not tailed, Pierinse, 14 

6. 

Ground or principal color black, 7 

Ground color yellow, with several black bands, Papilio Turnus, (6) 

7. 
"Wings crossed by a number of greenish or greenish-yellow 

bands, red at anal angle, Papilio Ajax, (1) 

Wings crossed by one or two rows of yellow or greenish spots, 8 

8. 
Wings crossed by one row of spots, 9 

Wings crossed by two rows of spots, 11 

9. 
Wings tailed, 10 

Wings not tailed, Papilio Polydamas, (8) 

10. 

No blue clouds on hind wings, spots greenish, Papilio Philenor, (2) 
Blue clouds on hind wings, spots yellow, 

Papilio Turnus, var. Glauca, <j? (6) 

11. 

Eows of spots yellow, 12 

Kows of spots bluish or greenish, two rows on hind wings and 

near the posterior angle of fore wings, Papilio Troilus, (4) 

12. 
Spots parallel with the outer margin, 13 

Kows of spots not parallel with the outer margin, 

Papilio Cresphontes, (7) 

13. 
Orange anal patch pupilled with black, Papilio Asterias, (3) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 59 

Orange anal patch not pupilled with black, 

Papilio Palamedes, (5) 
14. 
Antennae abruptly terminating in an ovoid club, 15 

Antennae truncated at the end and obconic, or terminating in- 
sensibly in an obconic club, 22 

15. 

Abdomen shorter than the hind wings ; color white or very 

pale yellow, 16 

Abdomen as long as or longer than the hind wings ; color 
lemon-yellow, black at apex, along hind margin of fore 
wings and costa of hind wings, Nathalis Iole, (15) 

16. 
Under side of hind wings without marks, or marked along the 

veins, Pieris, 17 

Under side of hind wings covered with a greenish net-work, 

Anthocharis, 21 
17. 
Fore wings with no black bar at the end of the cell, 18 

Fore wings with a black bar at the end of the cell, and more or 
less of a black border, Pieris Protodice, (11) 

18. 
Under side of hind wings plain white, apex of fore wings 

black, Pieris Ilaire, (9) 

Under side of hind wings plain yellow, Pieris Rapae, (14) 

Under side of hind wings marked along the veins, 19 

19. 
Black border to both wings, Pieris Monuste, (10) 

No black border to the wings, 20 

20. 
Under side of hind wings pale yellow, with brownish along 

the veins, Pieris Napi, aberr. Virginiensis, (12) 

Under side of hind wings white, with brownish along the veins, 

Pieris Virginiensis, (13) 
21. 
No orange at apex of fore wings, 

Anthocharis Olympia, (16) 
A large orange apical patch, Anthocharis Genutia, (17) 



m^^^^ 



60 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

22. 
Antennsa insensibly terminating in a club, truncate at the end, 

Callidryas, 23 
Antennae terminating in an obconic club, 26 

23. 
Color above, lemon-yellow or dirty yellowish white ; beneath, 

lemon-yellow, with or without orange tint, 24 

Color above, orange or whitish orange, 25 

24. 
Clear lemon-yellow above and below, with slight greenish tint ; 
female with discal dot and terminal row of spots, 

Callidryas Eubule, (18) 
Color above, lemon-yellow, or dirty whitish yellow; beneath, 
orange-tinted ; female with discal dot on fore wings and 
terminal border, Callidryas Sennse, (19) 

25. 
Color light orange with reddish-orange spots, 

Callidryas Philea, (20) 
Color light orange or orange-tinted white ; orange-tinted be- 
neath ; subterminal band on under side of fore wings 
straight, Callidryas Agarithe, (21) 

26. 
Hind wings with an orange discal spot ; both wings with black 

border, Colias, 27 

Hind wings without discal spot, 30 

27. 

Ground color yellow, 28 

Ground color orange, or at least an orange patch in the middle 

of fore wings, Colias Eurytheme, (24) 

28. 
Fore wings black at base, the yellow making a " dog's head," 

with the discal dot for an eye, Colias Caesonia, (23) 

Pore wings without black at base, 29 

29. 
Under side with a submarginal row of dark points, 

Colias Philodice, (25) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



61 



Under side without submarginal row of dark points, 

Colias Interior, (26) 
30. 
Color yellow or orange, with black terminal border, Terias, 31 
Color white, base of fore wings yellow, Kricogonia Lyside, (22) 

81. 

Hind wings with a prominent angle, color yellow, 

Terias Mexicana, (28) 
Hind wings rounded, not angled, 32 



Ground color orange, 
Ground color yellow, 



32. 



33. 



Terias Nicippe, (27) 
33 



Tore wings without black on the hind margin, Terias Lisa, (29) 
Fore wings with black along the hind margin, 34 

34. 
Under side with pink at apex of fore wings and over hind 

Terias Delia, (30) 
Terias Jucunda, (31) 



Under side without pink, 



35. 



Small species, brownish fulvous with many black spots ; or 

black and green, with abdomen orange, Erycinidae, £s, 87 
Not having the above characters, Nymphalidae, 36 



Fore wings long and narrow, twice as long as wide, 
Fore wings not long and narrow, 



37 



Black, with yellow zebra stripes, Heliconia Charitonia, (32) 

Fulvous, with black border and oblique stripe, Colsenis Julia, (35) 

38. 
Palpi remote, not extending much beyond the head ; discal cell 
of hind wings closed ; a black spot on vein of hind wings 
of £, Danais, 39 

Palpi nearly connivent, porrect, discal cell generally open; 

veins of fore wings not dilated at base, 40 

6 



62 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Palpi close, elevated, very hairy ; discal cell always closed 

veins of fore wings usually dilated at base, 79 

Palpi several times as long as the head, contiguous, in the form 
of a beak ; wings angled ; females six-footed, 

Libythea Bachmanni, £ (91) 

39. 
Color fulvous, veins black, Danais Archippus, (33) 

Color fulvous brown, veins not black, Danais Berenice, (34) 

40. 
Eyes naked, 41 

Eyes hairy, (39 

41. 
Club of antennae short, ovoid, usually flattened in dry speci- 
mens, 42 
Club of antenna? obconic or gradually terminating in a knob, 62 

42. 

Outer margin of fore wings sinuous, 43 

Outer margin of fore wings not sinuous, 49 

43. 
Silver spots on under side of wings, Agraulis Vanillse, (36) 

No silver spots on under side of wings, 44 

44. 
Three large " eye-spots" on the upper surface, Junonia Ccenia, (66) 
Five or six small eye-spots, with or without pupils, on the 

upper surface of the hind wings, Apatura, 46 

Upper surface without eye-spots, 45 

45. 

Fulvous, with a paler mesial band, Euptoieta Claudia, (46) 

Fulvous, marked with four somewhat united basal lines, and 
three bands on the fore wings that are partially united, 

Eresia Frisia, (54) 
46. 
One eye-spot near outer margin of fore wings, 48 

No eye-spots on fore wings, 47 

47. 

Two outer rows of pale spots lighter than the ground color, 

Apatura Clyton, (78) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



63 



Two outer rows of spots not lighter than the ground color 

Apatura Flora, (79) 
48. 
Hind wings fulvous, Apatura Alicia, (77) 

Hind wings dark "brown, Apatura Celtis, (76) 

49. 
General color (except 9 °f Diana) fulvous, under side of wings 

(except Bellona) with silver spots, Argynnis, 50 

General color black, with a terminal border of red spots, 

Melitaea Phaeton, (47) 
General color fulvous, with a prominent black border ; no 

silver spots on the under side, 57 

50. 

Under side of wings with silver spots, 51 

Under side of wings without silver spots, though white spots 

may be present, 56 

51. 
Basal two-thirds of wings of £ dark fulvous brown, outer 
third fulvous ; £ blue-black, outer third blue, 

Argynnis Diana, (38) 
Fore wings fulvous, hind wings black, Argynnis Idalia, (37) 

Both wings fulvous, 52 

52. 
Basal part of wings plain fulvous brown, 53 

Basal part of wings not differing from the rest, size medium, 

Argynnis Myrina, (43) 
53. 
Basal half of wings fulvous brown, Argynnis Cybele, (39) 

Less than half of wings brown, 54 

54. 

Under side of hind wings with a light submarginal band, 55 

Under side of hind wings without a light submarginal band, 

Argynnis Alcestis, (41) 
oo. 
Under side of hind wings light brown, Argynnis Aphrodite, (40) 
Under side of hind wings maroon, Argynnis Atlantis, (42^ 

56. 
With white spots on the under side, Argynnis Montinus, (44) 



mam 



64 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Under side without white spots, Argynnis Bellona, (45) 

57. 
Under side of hind wings fulvous ; a central and basal band of 

buff spots; submarginal lunules white, Mellitaea Harrisii, (48) 
Under side of hind wings brownish or brownish yellow, 

Phyciodes, 58 
58. 
Broad central band of white or light buff on under side, 59 

Central band of under side narrow or wanting, submarginal 

row of spots small, 60 

59. 
Submarginal row of dark brown spots on under side of hind 

wings pupilled with white, Phyciodes Nycteis, (49) 

Submarginal row of spots on under side with no more than one 

pupilled with white, Phyciodes Carlota, (50) 

60. 
Upper side of fore wings with a pale fulvous or almost white 

band beyond the cell, 61 

Upper side of fore wings without a whitish band, 

Phyciodes Tharos, (52) 
61. 
Expanse from 1 to 1.25 inches ; a black terminal patch on 

under side of hind wings, Phyciodes Phaon, (51) 

Expanse from 1.25 to 1.5 inches; no black terminal patch on 

under side of hind wings, Phyciodes Batesii, (53) 

62. 
Hind wings tailed, 63 

Hind wings not tailed, 64 

63. 
Hind wings with two prominent tails, apex of fore wings 

truncate, Timetes Petreus, (69) 

Hind wings with one tail and a prominent angle, apex rounded, 

Victorina Steneles, (70) 
Hind wings with one short tail, apex pointed, 

Paphia Troglodyta, (80) 
64. 
Gray; two round black spots on hind wings, one on fore wings, 

Anartia Jatrophae, (67) 
Color not gray, 65 



W^m 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 65 

65 
Ground color dark chocolate with bluish-purple reflections, two 
white patches on fore wings and one on hind wings ; female 
fulvous, with blackish border, Diadema Misippus, (71) 

Ground color purplish brown, Eunica Monima, (68) 

Groxmd color black or fulvous, or mahogany-brown, 

Limenitis, 66 
66. 
Ground color black, 67 

Ground color fulvous or mahogany, 68 

67. 
Wings without broad white bands, Limenitis Ursula, (72) 

Both wings with broad white bands, Limenitis Arthemis, (73) 



Upper side fulvous, under side paler, Limenitis Disippus, (74) 
Both surfaces mahogany-brown, Limenitis Eros, (75) 

69. 
A golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings, 

Grapta, 70 
No golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings, 75 

70. 
Spots in the discal cell of fore wings wholly or partly separate, 71 
Spots in the cell of fore wings blended into a transverse dash, 

Grapta J Album, (60) 

71. 

Silver spot on under side of hind wing in two pieces, forming 

a semicolon, Grapta Interrogationis, (55) 

Silver spot single, 72 

72. 
Fore wings with a subterminal row of three round black spots, 

the lowest double, 73 

Fore wings with a subterminal row of three round black spots, 

the lowest single, 74 

73. 
Silver mark a distinct comma, Grapta Comma, (56) 

Silver mark an open L, Grapta Gracilis, (58) 

c 6* 



3fi THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

74. 

Under side of wings fawn color, marked with brown and lilac, 

Grapta Faunus, (57) 
Under side dark brown ; a light band across the fore wings, 

Grapta Progne, (59) 
75. 
Apex of fore wings distinctly truncate, the angles sharp, 

Vanessa, 76 
Apex of fore wings somewhat truncate, the angles rounded, 

Pyrameis, 77 
76. 
Ground color maroon-brown, outer margin yellow, supple- 
mented by a row of blue spots, Vanessa Antiopa, (61) 
Ground color brown, submarginal band fulvous, 

Vanessa Milbertii, (62) 
77. 
Ground color black, band on fore wings and outer margin of 

hind wings fulvous, Pyrameis Atalanta, (63) 

Ground color fulvous, 78 

78. 
Five eye-spots on under side of hind wings, 

Pyrameis Cardui, (65) 
Two eye-spots on under side of hind wings, 

Pyrameis Huntera, (64) 
79. 
Wings entire, eyes hairy or naked, 80 

Wings dentate, hind wings strongly angled in the middle, 

eyes hairy, Debis Portlandia, (81) 

Hind wings dentate, eyes naked, Satyrus, 85 

80. 

Under side of hind wings without thick marbling of dark- 
brown abbreviated lines, alternating with gray and brown, 81 

Under side with marbling of dark-brown abbreviated lines, al- 
ternating with gray and brown, Chionobas, 86 

81. 

Wings blackish brown or wood-brown, 82 

Wings russety, eye-spots above prominent on both wings, 

Neonympha Canthus, (82) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. (J7 

82. 
With eye-spots above, Neonympha Eurytris, (85) 

Without eye-spots above, 83 

83. 
With two black marks on the outer margin of hind wings 

above, Neonympha Gemma, (83) 

Without marks above, 84 

84. 
Transverse lines on the under side dark brown, 

Neonympha Sosybius, (86) 
Transverse lines on the under side ferruginous ochre, 

Neonympha Areolatus, (84) 

85. 
Fore wings with a buff band containing one ocellus, or one 

ocellus and a small black spot, Satyrus Pegala, (87) 

Fore wings with or without a buff band, but with two ocelli, 

Satyrus Alope, (88) 
86. 
With eye-spots above, Chionobas Jutta, (89) 

Without eye-spots above, Chionobas Semidea, (90) 

87. 
Brownish fulvous or brown ; numerous rows of small black 

spots, 88 

Black and green ; abdomen orange, Eumenia Atala, (94) 

88. 
Brown ; expanse 1 inch or more, Calephelis Borealis, (93) 

Brownish fulvous ; expanse .8 of an inch, Calephelis Caenius, (92) 

89. 

Palpi projecting in front scarcely the length of the head ; an- 
tennae reaching to the middle of the fore wings ; colors 
blue, black, or blackish brown, Thecla, 90 

Palpi projecting in front more than the length of the head ; 

antennae not reaching to the middle of the fore wings 107 

90. 
Hind wings with two slender tails, or an angle in place of the 
second, 91 



68 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Outer margin of hind wings dentate ; no orange crescents be- 
neath, 104 
Hind wings entire, anal angle sharp, 106 

91. 

Upper side of wings blue, with a black border, 92 

Upper side of wings dusky or blackish brown, 94 

Upper side black, more or less tinged with blue ; a red line be- 
neath edged with white, Thecla Poeas, (108) 

92. 
Under side of abdomen orange, Thecla Halesus, (95) 

Under side of abdomen not orange, 93 

93. 
"Dark blue ; border one-fourth the length of wing, 

Thecla M Album, (96) 
Pale blue ; border more than one-fourth the length of wing, 

Thecla Acis, (107) 
94. 
A pale-blue patch between two orange spots on under side of 

hind wings near anal angle, 95 

No blue patch near anal angle ; under side green marked with 

brown and white, Thecla Smilacis, (106) 

95. 
Upper surface with orange at anal angle, 96 

Upper surface without orange, or at least very faint, 98 

96. 
Orange on hind wings, a crescent enclosing a black spot, 

Thecla Humuli, (99) 
Orange, a patch or band not clearly denned, 97 

97. 
The points of the W formed by the inner line on the under 
side of the hind wings touching the outer line, 

Thecla Favonius, (97) 
The points of the W not touching the outer line, 

Thecla Autolycus, (98) 
98. 
Under side pale bluish gray, Thecla Acadica, (100) 

Under side not pale gray, 99 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. QQ 

99. 
Under side with three or more whitish stripes, 

Thecla Strigosa, (105) 
Under side with not more than two stripes, 100 

100. 
Color dark brown, • 101 

Color yellowish brown, Thecla Edwardsii, (101) 

101. 
Marks at the ends of cells on under side of both wings, 102 

No marks at the ends of cells, Thecla Ontario, (104) 

102. 

Under side ash-gray, Thecla Columella, (109) 

Under side brown, 103 

103. 

Inner line on the under side double, Thecla Calanus, (103) 

Inner line on the under side single, Thecla Wittfeldii, (102) 

104. 
Brown beneath ; outer half lighter, 105 

Dark brown; under side with two light bands edged with 
white on the hind wings and one on the fore wings, 

Thecla Niphon, (113) 
105. 
A fine dark-brown line separating the two colors of the under 

side, Thecla Augustus, (110) 

A white line marking the separation ; first tooth outside of 

anal angle curving outward, Thecla Irus var. Arsace, (111) 
A white line marking the separation ; first tooth outside of anal 

angle not curving outward, Thecla Henrici, (112) 

106. 
Under side of hind wings with one row of orange spots, 

Thecla Titus, (115) 
Under side of hind wings with two rows of orange spots, 

Thecla Lseta, (114) 
107. 
Color above fulvous, or coppery and black, 108 

Color above blue, or bluish black, Lycaena, 1 12 



70 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

108. 
Wings fulvous ; border of fore wings and base of bind wings 

black, Feniseca Tarquinius, (116) 

Wings coppery, or purplish black with fulvous bands, 

Chrysophanus, 109 
109. 
Color above black with a coppery tinge ; under side gray, with 

black points, 110 

Color distinctly coppery ; orange border on hind wings above 

and below, 111 

110. 
Size medium ; half row of orange crescents on under side of 

hind wings, Chrysophanus Dione, ( 117) 

Size small; crescents faint, Chrysophanus Epixanthe, (119) 

111. 

Size medium, Chrysophanus Thoe, (118) 

Size small, Chrysophanus Hypophleas, (120) 

112. 
Hind wings without tails, 113 

Hind wings with a slender tail ; color blue, or black tinged with 
blue ; hind wings with two orange crescents, 

Lycaena Comyntas, (124) 
113. 
Upper surface blue, 114 

Upper surface not blue, 118 

114. 
Under side with black spots, having metallic scales near the 

anal angle, 115 

Under side without such spots, 116 

115. 
Upper side blue, narrow or broad border, or almost black ; one 
anal spot on under side circled with metallic green scales, 

Lycaena Filenus, (125) 
Upper side violet-blue ; two or three anal spots ; under side of 
hind wings with two black spots circled with metallic blue, 

Lycaena Ammon, (128) 
Upper side almost white, with broad border, or pale violet-blue ; 
under side white, with many dark lines ; anal spot circled 
with blue, Lycaena Theonus, (129; 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 7} 

116. 

Under side of hind wings with a border of metallic spots, 

Lycaena Scudderii, (122) 
Under side without metallic spots, 117 

117. 

Under side dark gray, Lycaena Lygdamus, (121) 

Under side pale bluish gray, Lycaena Pseudargiolus, (123) 

118. 
Upper surface black, 

Lycaena Pseudargiolus, var. Violacea, £ (123) 
Upper side brown, under side brown, with numerous white 

bands, 119 

119. 
Six subterminal round black spots on under side of hind wings, 

Lycaena Isophthalma, (126) 
Seven subterminal round black spots on under side of hind 

wings, Lycaena Exilis, (127) 

120. 
Knob of antennae thick, ovoid, or elongate ovoid, 121 

Knob of antennae spindle-shaped, 185 

121. 
Knob of antennae without a hook or bent projection at the end, 122 
Knob of antennae ending in a hook or bent projection, 126 

122. 
Knob blunt, conical, without a spine, ' 123 

Knob elongate or ovoid, rounded at the tip, straight or a little 

semilunar ; somewhat compressed, Pyrgus, 125 

Knob rounded ; the last joint ending in a short, slender spine ; 
fore wings brown washed with yellow ; hind wings yel- 
low, with brown border, Ancyloxypha Numitor, (132) 

123. 
Third joint of palpi concealed by hair of second ; abdomen 
much longer than hind wings ; brown, with fulvous yel- 
low spots, Carterocephala, 124 
Third joint of palpi free ; abdomen but little if any longer than 
hind wings ; brown ; costal edge yellow, 

Thymelicus Poweshiek, (133) 



72 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

124. 
Costal edge not yellow ; marginal and abdominal rows of spots, 

and several near the base, Carterocephala Mandan, (130) 

Costal edge yellow, to near the end of cell ; submarginal row of 

spots, Carterocephala Omaha, (131) 

125. 
Black, with three more or less complete rows of transverse 

white spots, Pyrgus Tessellata, (177) 

Brownish black, with two rows of transverse white spots, 

Pyrgus Centaurese, (178) 
126. 
Tip of antennae suddenly bent, with a much contracted, pointed 
little hook, nearly half as long as the knob ; third joint of 
palpi almost concealed, Pamphila, 127 

Antenna) similar ; fringes light ; black at the ends of the veins ; 
abdomen thin, scarcely reaching the anal angle, 

Amblyscirtes, 182 
127. 
Hind wings yellow, with an outer border of dark brown, not 

more than one-third the length of the wing, 128 

Hind wings brown, with a yellow band, 141 

Hind wings without a yellow band, 155 

128. 
Border of hind wings less than one-fourth the length of wing, 129 
Border of hind wings one-fourth the length of wing or more, 133 

129. 
Fore wings without a black sex-mark or stigma in the middle, 130 
Fore wings with a black sex-mark in the middle, 131 

130. 

Fore wings with a brown patch beyond the cell ; veins in the 

yellow part usually yellow, Pamphila Zabulon, £ (135) 

Fore wings without a patch beyond the cell ; veins brown, 

Pamphila Delaware, $ (166^ 
131. 
Border of hind wings a series of triangular spots, 

Pamphila Phylaeus, $ (143) 
Border of hind wings continuous, 132 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 73 

132. 
Yellow of hind wings clear ; fringes fuscous, 

Pamphila Sassacus, £ (136) 
Yellow of hind wings brownish ; fringes white, 

Pamphila Uncas, £ (138) 
133. 
Fore wings with a black stigma or sex-mark in the middle, 134 

Fore wings without a sex-mark, 139 

134. 
Fore wings with a brown patch connected with the upper end 

of stigma, 135 

Fore wings with a brown oblique ray connected with the upper 

end of stigma, 138 

Fore wings with the brown subapical patch not connected with 
the stigma ; stigma and spot containing it nearly circular, 

Pamphila Huron, £ (142) 
135. 
Under side ferruginous brown, 136 

Under side not ferruginous brown, 137 

136. 
Yellowish-white bands on under side of both wings, 

Pamphila Leonardus, £ (140) 
Yellowish-white bands on under side of fore wings, 

Pamphila Meskei, £ (141) 
137. 
Under side dark brown, overlaid with yellow scales and a yel- 
low band, Pamphila Brettus, ^ (144) 
Under side yellow, with a paler yellow band, 

Pamphila Mystic, £ (147) 
138. 
Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with dark yel- 
low scales, with yellow band but no yellow ray before 
inner margin, Pamphila Pontiac, £ (161) 

Under side of hind wings dark yellow, a paler ray from cell 

out, and one before inner margin, Pamphila Dion, £ (162) 
Under side of hind wings dark brown, heavily overlaid with 
russety brown ; a pale ray through cell, 

Pamphila Palatka, £ (164) 
d 7 



74 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

139. 
Fore wings brown, a broad yellow band, and the basal part 

heavily washed with yellow ; under side of hind wings 

fulvous yellow, with pale, obscure band, 

Pamphila Byssus, £ (1G7J 
Fore wings with basal two-thirds yellow ; under side of hind 

wings brown, heavily overlaid with russety brown, with a 

pale ray through the cell, Pamphila Palatka, 9 (164) 

Fore wings yellow ; under side of hind wings yellow, without 

marks, 140. 

Fore wings dark brown, with a row of yellow spots, and a spot 

in the cell, Pamphila Viator, £ and £ (172) 

140. 
Fore wings yellow at the base, Pamphila Vitellius, £ (165) 

Fore wings dark brown at base ; a bar of brown at end of cell, 

Pamphila Delaware, £ (166) 
141. 
Fore wings with an oblique black sex-mark, 142 

Fore wings without a sex-mark, but with a row of spots be- 
yond the middle, 143 
142. 
Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with two yellow 

bands, Pamphila Peckius, fo (146) 

Under side of hind wings yellowish brown, with two white 
bands, the basal one broken, the outer one sending a ray 
outward from its posterior end, Pamphila Metea, £ (137) 

Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with one yellow 

band and a spot, Pamphila Leonardus, £ (140) 

Under side of hind wings brown, sprinkled with yellow ; live 

white spots, Pamphila Seminole, £ (139) 

143. 
Basal half of costal margin of fore wings yellow, or heavily 

washed with yellow, 144 

Costa not yellow, only sprinkled at least, 148 

144. 

The cell of fore wings yellow, except at base, 145 

Cell of fore wings dark brown, 146 



wm 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



75 



145. 
Band on upper side of hind wings reduced to a yellow central 

jmtch, Pamphila Vitellius, 9 (165) 

Band on upper side of bind wings not abbreviated, 

Pamphila Mystic, 9 (147) 
146. 
Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, 147 

Under side of hind wings ochre-yellow, with a paler band and 

brown clouds, Pamphila Phylaeus, 9 (143) 

147. 
Under side of hind wings with one yellow band and a spot, 

Pamphila Leonardus, 9 (140) 
Under side of hind wings with very indistinct band, or none, 

Pamphila Meskei, 9 (141) 
148. 
Yellow band of hind wings faint, 149 

Yellow band of hind wings distinct, 150 

149. 
Under side of hind wings dark brown, with rusty brown scales 
and a continuous pale band, 

Pamphila Zabulon form Pocahontas, 9 (135) 
Under side of hind wings dark brown, washed with ochre scales 
and with two or three small spots; upper side of hind 
wings sprinkled with yellow, Pamphila Sassacus, 9 (136) 
Under side of hind wings brown, washed with ochre, a sub- 
terminal white band sending a ray outward from its pos- 
terior end, Pamphila Metea, 9 (137) 
150. 
Under side of hind wings with two light bands, 151 
Under side of hind wings with one light band or none, 152 

151. 
Under side of hind wings dark brown washed with pale yel- 
low; bands white, separate, Pamphila Uncas, 9 (138) 
Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with the two 
yellow bands united in the middle, 

Pamphila Peckius, 9 (146) 
152. 
Under side of hind wings dark brown, sprinkled with pale yel- 
low and ferruginous scales, 153 



76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Under side of hind wings dark brown, sprinkled witb ferrugi- 
nous brown, 154 
Under side of hind wings dark rusty yellow ; two yellow ray 

stripes, Pamphila Dion, 9 (162) 

Under side of hind wings fulvous yellow, with obscure pale 
band, Pamphila Byssus, 9 (167) 

153. 
Under side of hind wings with a white band and two or three 

unconnected spots, Pamphila Huron, 9 (142 j 

Under side of hind wings with a band of five small white spots, 
and a bar across cell of fore wings above, 

Pamphila Seminole, 9 (139) 
154. 
Under side of hind wings with a band of five elongated yellow 

spots, Pamphila Pontiac, 9 (161) 

Hind wings with three whitish spots above and below, 

Pamphila Ethlius, $ and 9 (159) 

155. 
Fore wings with an oblique stigma or sex-mark, 156 

Fore wings without a sex-mark, 166 

156. 
Fore wings with the basal half more or less yellow, 157 

Fore wings without distinct yellow on the basal half, 161 

157. 
Washed with greenish yellow, a large subquadrate black patch 
below stigma sending a spur towards posterior angle, 

Pamphila Otho var. Egeremet, £ (145) 
Patch below stigma only moderate, 158 

158. 
Cell of fore wings and costa beyond cell clear yellow, 159 

Costal margin not clear yellow, 160 

159. 
Under side of hind wing* sprinkled with yellow, but without 

bands, Pamphila Cernes, <$ (148) 

Under side of hind wings sprinkled with pale yellow, with an 

obscure discal whitish band, Pamphila Myus, £ (149) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 77 

160. 

Costal margin of fore wings with six or seven yellow rays 
above and beyond the cell ; under side of hind wings yel- 
low ; no spots, Pamphila Arpa, £ (163) 

Costal margin somewhat washed with yellow, but without rays ; 
under side of hind wings brown, sprinkled with yellow ; 
no spots, Pamphila Bimacula, £ (160) 

161. 

Fore wings with a row of four or more white spots beyond the 

middle, 163 

Fore wings without white spots, olivaceous brown, 162 

162. 
With a row of faint spots on under side of both wings, 

Pamphila Metacomet, £ (153) 
Without a row of faint spots on under side of wings, 

Pamphila Vestris, £ (152) 
163. 
Spots in three subcostal interspaces and one in first median in- 
terspace, 164 
Three spots in subcostal and two in median interspaces, and one 

in submedian, 165 

164. 
Outer part and basal portion of under side of hind wings lilac, 
with brown cloudings and a faint purplish band, 

Pamphila Accius, £ (154) 
Outer part of under side of hind wings gray, with no bands, 

Pamphila Hianna, £ (171) 

165. 
Fore wings with a small whitish spot in lower side of cell near 

the end, Pamphila Verna, £ (151) 

Fore wings with no spot in the end of cell, 

Pamphila Manataaqua, £ (150) 

166. 
Fore wings with a yellow or whitish spot in the end of cell, 167 
Fore wings with two spots in the end of cell, 

Pamphila Loammi, 9 (155) 
Fore wings without a spot in the cell, 171 

7* 



78 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

167. 
Spot in anterior part of cell near the subcostal vein, 168 

Spot in posterior part of cell near the median vein, 

Pamphila Panoquin, £ and 9 (157) 

168. 
Spot in cell white, rounded, 169 

Spot a yellow ray, six yellow spots in the discal row, 170 

169. 
Under side of hind wings gray, a ray near inner margin with- 
out gray ; a very faint whitish band, 

Pamphila Eufala, £ and $ (169) 
Outer and basal part of under side of hind wings lilac, ante- 
rior part brown clouded ; an indistinct purple band, 

Pamphila Accius, 9 (154) 
Outer part of under side of hind wings gray, with no bands, 

Pamphila Hianna, 9 (171) 

170. 
Under side of hind wings sprinkled with yellow, without a 

band, Pamphila Cernes, 9 (148) 

Under side of hind wings sprinkled with pale yellow, with dim 

whitish discal band, Pamphila Myus, 9 (149) 

171. 
Wings without marks, Pamphila Fusca, £ an( l 9 (170) 

Fore wings with a more or less distinct outer row of spots 

extending to submedian vein, ■ 172 

Fore wings with more or less of an outer row of spots, but not 

reaching submedian vein, 176 

172. 
A band on under side of hind wings, but not very distinct, 173 

No band on under side of hind wings, 175 

173. 
Outer row of fore wings with two spots beyond the cell ; under 
side of hind wings lilac along outer margin, 

Pamphila Zabulon form Quadraquina, 9 (135) 
No spots beyond the cell of fore wings, 174 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



79 



174. 

Under side of hind wings rusty brown, 

Pamphila Otho, $ and 9 (145) 
Under side of hind wings dark reddish brown, sprinkled with 

pale yellow scales, Pamphila Manataaqua, 9 (150) 

175. 
Under side of hind wings yellow, Pamphila Arpa, 9 (163) 

Under side of hind wings dark brown, the veins gray, 

Pamphila Ocola, £ and 9 (158) 

176. 
Under side of hind wings without spots or bands, spots above 

not very distinct, 177 

Under side of hind wing-s with a more or less distinct row of 



spots, 



78 



177. 



Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with gray, 

Pamphila Osyka, £ and 9 (168) 
Under side of hind wings reddish brown, Pamphila Vestris, 9 (152) 
Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with dusky 

yellow, Pamphila Bimacula, 9 (160) 

178. 
Under side of hind wings with three white spots, two of which 

are contiguous, Pamphila Maculata, £ and 9 (156) 

Under side of hind wings with a faint row of pale spots, 179 

Under side of hind wings with distinct yellow band, 181 

179. 
Under side of body and antennas distinct greenish, 

Pamphila Otho var. Egeremet, 9 (145) 
Under side of body gray, 180 

180. 
Fore wings with an outer row of five distinct white spots, the 

fifth twice as large as the fourth, Pamphila Verna, 9 (151) 
Fore wings lacking the anteapical spots of the outer row, or the 
merest trace of one spot, if any ; band on under side of hind 
wings distinct, Pamphila Metacomet, 9 (153) 

181. 
Under side of hind wings yellow ferruginous ; a yellow band, 
one stripe of which extends as a ray to middle of cell, 

Pamphila Massasoit, £ and 9 (134) 



80 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Under side of hind wings dull olivaceous, with clouds of black- 
ish brown ; a yellow band towards outer margin, 

Pamphila Brettus, 9 (144) 
182. 
Fore wings with no distinct spots except the anteapical, 183 

Fore wings with more than the three anteapical spots, 184 

183. 
Under side of hind wings washed with lilac, with no clearly 

defined row of spots, but with a row of whiter clouds ; 

fringe alternate gray and fuscous, Amblyscirtes Vialis, (173) 
Under side of hind wings washed with chalky scales, with a 

row of whitish points, one in the cell and two above the 

cell ; fringes white and fuscous, Amblyscirtes Eos, (174) 

184. 
Under side of hind wings with an outer row of connected pale 

yellow spots, and one in the cell, Amblyscirtes Samoset, (175) 
Under side of hind wings with an outer row of spots, and one 

below the cell, Amblyscirtes Textor, (176) 

185. 
Palpi gray or brownish below, 18G 

Palpi white below, 203 

186. 
Palpi surpassing the front by more than the length of the eyes, 

Nisoniades, 187 
Palpi surpassing the front by less than the length of the eyes, 196 

187. 
Fore wings without a subterminal row of white transparent 

spots, 188 

Fore wings with a subterminal row of white semi-transparent 
spots ; four near the costa and the others in median inter- 
spaces, 191 
188. 
Upper side of fore wings not overlaid with pale bluish scales 

on the outer part, 189 

Upper side of fore wings heavily overlaid with pale bluish 

scales on the outer part, 190 

189. 
The discal cross-vein of fore wings not conspicuously marked in 

brown, Nisoniades Brizo, (179) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



81 



The discal cross-vein of fore wings conspicuously marked in 

Drown. Nisoniades Ausonius, (184) 

190. 
Outer row of large spots overlaid with light in the centre so as 
to make them appear as an irregular row of black rings, 

Nisoniades Icelus, (180) 
Outer row of large spots only slightly sprinkled with pale 

scales, Nisoniades Somnus, (181) 

191. 
Upper surface umber-brown, 192 



Upper surface dark brown, 



194 



192. 



Dark spot in base of cell of fore wings and the two rows of 

spots very distinct, Nisoniades Martialis, (185) 

The spot in base of cell of fore wings not distinct, 193 



The mesial band distinct, 
The mesial band not distinct, 



193. 



194. 



Nisoniades Lucilius, (182) 
Nisoniades Persius, (183) 



No pale umber patch at the end of cell of fore wings, 

Nisoniades Juvenalis, (186) 
A pale umber patch at the end of cell of fore wings, 195 

195. 
Umber patch at the end of cell only, Nisoniades Nsevius, (188) 
Umber patch at the end of cell, between median and submedian 

veins and near posterior angle, Nisoniades Petronius, (187) 

196. 
Under side of hind wings not banded with brown and purple, 

Eudamus, 197 
Under side of hind wings banded with brown and purple, 

Erycides, 206 
197. 
Hind wings rounded at the anal angle, 198 

Hind wings more or less produced or tailed at the anal angle, 201 



Fore wings with white spots, 
Fore wings with yellow bands, 
/ 



199 
200 



82 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

199. 
White spots mere points on the costa and in the median inter- 
spaces, Eudamus Pylades, (191) 
White spots larger, forming almost continuous bands, 

Eudamus Bathyllus, (192) 
200. 
Outer part of under side of hind wings white, 

Eudamus Lycidas, (193) 
Outer part of under side of hind wings not white, 

Eudamus Cellus, (194) 
201. 
Hind wings produced, not tailed, 202 

Hind wings tailed, Eudamus Proteus, (197) 

202. 
Under side of hind wings with a white band in the middle, 

Eudamus Tityrus, (196) 
Under side of hind wings without a white band in the middle, 

Eudamus Zestos, (195) 
203. 
Palpi surpassing the front by about the length of the eyes ; 

small species, Pholisora, 204 

Palpi surpassing the front by less than the length of the eyes ; 

large species, 205 

204. 
Outer margin entire, Pholisora Catullus, (189) 

Outer margin dentate, Pholisora Hayhurstii, (190) 

205. 
Without yellow markings above, Erycides, 206 

With yellow markings above, Megathymus, 207 

206. 
Upper side without white spots, Erycides Batabano, (198) 

Upper side with white anteapical spots, also at end of cell and 

in median interspaces, Erycides Amyntas, (199) 

207. 
Hind wings with a yellow border only on the anterior part of 

the outer margin, if present at all, Megathymus Yuccae, (200) 
Bind wings with a yellow border reaching to the submedian 

vein at least, Megathymus Cofaqui, (201) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. ft;} 



FAMILY PAPILIONID.E. 

The butterflies of this family, the highest of the Lepi- 
doptera, may be known by their broad wings, which are 
erect in repose ; the antennae are slender, the knob either 
straight or slightly curved ; the body slender and fur- 
nished with six feet fitted for walking, the first pair of 
normal size and directed forward, the other two pairs 
directed outward and backward. The larvae are smooth, 
or only moderately provided with short hairs or pile, 
never provided with branching or simple spines, and in 
only one instance — Pajnlio Philenor — provided with 
fleshy protuberances. The chrysalides are naked, the tip, 
or cremaster, fastened to a button of silk, and the body 
suspended obliquely in a loop of silk that passes round 
it a little in front of the middle. The family is divided 
into two subfamilies, Papilioninae and Pierinae. 

SUBFAMILY TAPILIONIN^E. 

This contains here the genus Papilio. These are 
large butterflies, often known as swallow-tails. The 
wings are ample ; the fore wings triangular ; the hind 
wings concave next to the body, and usually provided 
with a tail-like appendage before the anal angle ; the 
outer margin dentate, with the teeth quite prominent 
near the tail. The larvae are smooth, or with a few 
short scattered hairs ; spindle-shaped, being thickest 
through about the fourth segment, P. Philenor being 
provided with four rows of slender fleshy processes. 
In the upper anterior part of the second segment is a 



84 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

forked scent-organ which is capable of being thrust out 
at will or withdrawn into a slit-like receptacle. When 
extended, this organ gives off a disagreeable odor which 
serves as a protection to the larva. 

1. Papilio Ajax, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3.5 inches. 

Upper surface of body and wings varying from pale 
black to deep black, banded and marked with a color vary- 
ing from greenish yellow to pale blue-green. These are 
arranged in three bands common to both wings, the one 
next to the body narrow, the third bifid on the fore 
wings from the costa to the median vein ; and three 
short bands not reaching farther than the median vein. 
There is also a subterminal band on the fore wings 
crossed by the black veins, and a row of spots on the 
hind wings parallel with the outer margin. Body 
blackish, with two whitish lines on the sides. 

There are three dimorphic forms of this species, and 
one variety. The first of these is the winter form, 
Walsiiti, Edw. — In this the black is pale, the light 
parts greenish yellow ; the tail to the hind wings about 
.6 of an inch long, black, tipped with light ; and the 
red before the anal ocellus is a bent bar; after the ocellus 
are two blue lunules. 

Var. Abbottii, Edw. — Expanse from 2.6 to 2.8 
inches. This resembles the above, but has a more or 
less distinct crimson streak on the hind wings nearly 
parallel with the internal margin. 

Winter form, Telamonides, Feld. — Expanse from 
2.8 to 3.2 inches. This is about the same in color and 
markings as form Wakhii, but the tail is a little longer, 



EASTERN US TIED STATES. $& 

and the outer end is not merely tipped with greenish 
yellow, but bordered on each .side from half to two- 
thirds the distance from the tip to the base, and the 
anteanal crimson bar is sometimes two spots. 

Summer form, Makcellus, Bd. — Expanse from 3.2 
to 3.5 inches. This is black, with the light part blue- 
green ; the tail over an inch long and bordered with 
yellow, and the anteanal crimson mark one or two spots 
instead of a bar. 

All of these forms have the markings of the upper 
side repeated beneath, with a more or less prominent 
crimson stripe through the middle of the hind wing- 
nearly parallel to the inner margin. 

Of these three forms the last is the one found in 
.surnmer ; and come.-; from chrysalides formed the same 
season, while the other- emerge from chrysalides that 
have wintered over. They were originally described as 
separate species, and were generally considered so till 
Mr. AV r m. H. Edwards proved their identity by breeding 
the different forms. 

The eggs are deposited on the leaves of the pawpaw, 
upon which the larv&e feed. They are pale green, glob- 
ular, smooth, .01 of an inch in diameter. The young 
larva is black, covered with minute papillaj, from each 
of which proceed fine hairs. After the first moult it is 
ash-colored, still covered with the papillae These are 
lost at the second moult, when the larva assumes the 
general form and smooth skin which it shows at ma- 
turity; the color yellowish white, with transver-e gray 
-tripes. After the third moult the color is smoky brown, 
f^ach segment crossed by four lines, of which the ante- 
rior is yellow and the rest white ; the second, third, and 

3 



86 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

fourth segments without yellow ; at the junction of the 
fourth and fifth joints is a velvety-black band, preceded 
by white and followed by yellow. At the fourth moult 
the color becomes darker, each segment crossed by a 
pale yellow and four gray stripes. 

In some of the larva? the general color is gray, with 
white, black, and yellow bands on the fourth and rifth 
segments, and the segments after the fifth crossed by one 
yellow and two dull white stripes. In other specimens 
the color is blue-green, each segment crossed by gray, 
yellow, and clear white, the white band replaced by 
turquoise-blue. In still others the color is pale green 
throughout, except one yellow stripe on each segment, 
the bands being blue, black, and yellow. 

Chrysalis from .8 to .9 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
tapering posteriorly from the middle of the abdomen ; 
head triangular, terminated by two short lateral points ; 
another, beak-like, on the thorax ; from this two small 
ridges pass along the wing-cases and down the abdomen 
to the extremity, and between them two others starting 
from the upper segments of the abdomen, on the outer 
sides of which last, in those chrysalides which are brown, 
is a fine light-colored line. Color dead-leaf brown or 
bright green. 

Location from Pennsylvania to Texas, and through 
the Mississippi Valley, where it flies from March or 
April till cool weather in the fall. 

2. Papilio Philenor, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4.5 inches. 
Body and wings black ; the hind wings of the male re- 
flecting a metallic green, those of the female a steel-blue. 



^HH 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



87 



Parallel with the outer margin of the fore wings there 
is a row of more or less distinct spots running from the 
posterior angle half-way to the apex ; on the hind wings 
are six whitish spots between the venules, the one before 
the anal ocellus very small. Tail about .3 of an inch. 

On the under side the marginal spots on the fore wings 
are more distinct, as are also the yellowish crescents in 

Fig. 11. 




Papilio Pbilonor (natural size). 



tiie iringe. The metallic sheen of the hind wings occu- 
pies the outer half of the wing, and contains a crescent 
cf seven orange spots, each bordered with white on its 
costal side, and more or less completely with black the 
rest of the way. 

The egg is spherical, the surface much covered with a 
rough crust, which rises to a summit, either small and 



88 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



Fig. 12. 



pointed, or rather large and truncated; the sides of this 
crust irregularly melon-ribbed. Color of the surface 
russet, of the crust bright ferruginous. 

The young larva is ferruginous, marked longitudinally 
by many rows of low, conical, 
black tubercles, each supporting 
a black hair. When mature 
(Fig. 12), it is two inches long; 
color velvety black, with a slight 
purplish or chestnut-brown hue; 
covered with long fleshy tubercles 
of the same color as the body, 
and shorter orange-colored tuber- 
cles, as follows : two brown ones 
on joint 2 ; two brown ones and 
two orange ones on joint 3 ; joints 
4 and 6 the same ; joint 5 with 
four orange tubercles ; joints 7 
to 10 each with two brown lat- 
eral tubercles and two orange 
ones; joints 11 and 12 with four 
brown tubercles that often have 
orange bases ; joint 13 with two 
dorsal brown tubercles but no 
lateral ones. Joints 8 to 11 have each a lateral orange 
spot just before and above the spiracles, which are sunk 
into the flesh and scarcely perceptible. Head} legs, and 
venter the same color as the body ; the top of joint 2 
with an orange transverse spot on the anterior edge, from 
which is thrust out the osmaterium, or scent-organ. 

The chrysalis, represented in Fig. 13, — a, shaded back 
view ; 6, lateral outline, — is at first yellowish green, but 




P. Philenor, larva. 



^^^^MHM 



■^^■1 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



89 



soon becomes marked with gray and violet, with more 
or less yellovz on the back. 

This insect feeds on the different species of Aristo- 



Fio. 13. 









P. Philenor, chrysalk. 



lochia, or pipe- vine, and is usually abundant where these 
plants are found. The larvse are to be found in groups 
on the leaves in July and August; the pupal period 
lasting about three weeks. 

3. Papilio Asterias, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 3 to 4 inches. 

Upper surface of body and wings black. The fore 
wings have two rows of yellow spots parallel with the 
outer margin, eight spots in each row, more prominent in 
the male than in the female. There are one or two spots 
before the inner row towards the apex,»and in the male a 
bar at the end of the discal cell. The fringe is black, 
cut with yellow opposite the spots of the two rows. The 
spots are continued across the hind wings, the outer row 
being lunate, with a more or less complete row of blue 

8* 



90 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



clouds between the rows of yellow spots. At the anal 
angle there is an orange ocellus with a posterior or outer 
border of yellow, and a central black spot. Fringes as 
on the fore wings. Tail black, about .3 of an inch 
long. 

On the under side the spots are repeated, those on the 
hind wings washed with orange. The body has a row 



Fig. 14. 




mmmmBA 




mm: 



w 



Papilio Asterias, male. 




of yellow spots on each side, which continue as partial 
rings on the under side of the abdomen. 

Var. Asteroides, Reak. — This form is marked 
nearly as in the typical Asterias. In the male the inner 
row of yellow spots of the fore wings is almost obsolete, 
except the spot on the hind margin, which is prolonged 
into a dash. Hind wings as in Asterias female, but the 
blue clouds are reduced to small rounded patches ; tails 
not so long as in the typical form. Below, a discal 
row of large fulvous sagittiform spots on the fore wing*c. 
Hind wings as in the typical form. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



91 



Aberr. Calverleyii, Grote. — Two specimens of this 
singular form have been taken, one a male, in August, 
1863, by Mr. Louis Fischer, in the neighborhood of 
New Lots, Queens County, Long Island, and another, 
a female, in April, 1869, by Mr. T. L. Mead, near En- 
terprise, Florida; both being suffused forms, probably 
caused by the action of cold on the chrysalides soon after 
pupating. 

In the male the upper surface has the basal two-thirds 
black without marks, and the remainder of the wings 
yellow, a narrow outer margin, and tail black. The 
boundary between the black and yellow on the fore 
wings is dentate, with the black extending out on the 
veins. The hind wings have a narrow subterminal 
crenate orange line, and an orange patch in place of the 
ocellus. 

The under side is like the upper, except that on the 
hind wings there are elongate orange patches between 
the veins, leaving narrow yellow lines along the veins 
and between the ends of these patches and the black on 
the basal part, the subterminal line being dusky. The 
orange extends a little on to the fore wings as a partial 
terminal border. 

The female is like the male, except that there is more 
black along the veins ; the outer margin of the wing is 
more broadly bordered with black ; there is a yellow bar 
at the end of the cell of the fore wings ; the hind wings 
have two rows of orange intervenular patches in the 
yellow field, the inner round and the outer elongate tri- 
angular, with gray spaces between ; and the ocellus has a 
few black scales. 

The under side is like the upper, except that there are 



92 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



two discal bars, with yellow on the subcostal vein, and 
the orange patches of the hind wings are larger. 

The eggs are of a delicate light yellow, smooth and 
round, with the exception of being slightly flattened 
where they are attached to the leaf. These are depos- 
ited on the leaves of parsley, celery, parsnips, and other 
related plants upon which the larva? feed. 

The young larvae are nearly black, with a broad white 
band across the middle, and another on the hind part of 
the body ; thickly beset with bristles which arise from 
little tubercles. The second stage differs little from the 
first ; as also the third, though there are bright spots on 
the body. The fourth stage is a bright green ground 
color with black bands, which are broad on the middle 
of the segments. These bands are interrupted by brick- 
red spots, which are arranged in three rows on each side. 
The tubercles are scarcely perceptible. 

The fifth stage is the mature larva. When full grown 



Fig. 15. 



Fig. 16 




Papilio Asterias, mature larva. 



Papilio Asterias, pupa. 



the caterpillar is about an inch and a half long, of a 
bright green color, with a transverse black band on each 
segment containing a row of yellow spots. The scent- 
organ in this species is yellow. 



■i 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



93 



The chrysalis is an inch and a quarter long, of a pale 
green, ochre-yellow, or ash-gray color, with two short 
ear-like projections above the head, just below which, on 
the upper part of the back, is a little prominence. This 
chrysalis, like all the Papilios, is attached at the tip by a 
button of silk, and supported by a loop round the middle 
of the body. The last brood winter in the chrysalis state. 

United States generally. (See Addenda.) 

4. Papilio Troilus, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 3.75 inches. 

Upper surface of body and wings black, the fore wings 
crossed by a marginal row of greenish-yellow spots ; in 
some specimens a part of a second row extends from the 
hind margin forward. No spot in cell. Hind wings with 
the marginal lunules and an inner row of spots forming 
a broad macular band, all blue in the female and blue- 
green in the male. The costal spot of this inner row is 
mostly orange. There is a row of blue clouds between 
these two rows. Ocellus part orange, not pupil led. 
Tail .4 of an inch long. 

On the under side the spots are more prominent: 
nearly two full rows of blue-green spots on the fore 
wings, and two rows of orange spots on the hind wings. 
Body black, with two rows of yellow spots on the sides. 

The larva when full grown is a little more than one 
and a half inches long, the body thickest from the third 
to the fifth segment. It is bright green above, a yellow 
stripe edged behind with black across the anterior part 
of the second segment. On joint 4 are two prominent 
yellow ocelli annulate with black, and a large pupil 
filling most of the lower portion ; a line of black in 



94 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

front of the segment, and a pale pinkish spot above, 
margined with darker. On the fifth segment are two 
more ocelli. Segments 6 to 11 have each four blue dots 
margined with black, and there is a yellow line along 
the sides of the body edged with black below. 

The chrysalis is 1.3 inches long, shaped in general 
as the allied species, the two prominences on the head 
projecting forward and outward, and from each of these 
extends a ridge along the side to the anal extremity con- 
taining a slight projection opposite the dorsal pronotal 
elevation. Color above the ridge pinkish orange clouded 
and spotted with blackish brown, there being a dorsal 
line, and on the abdomen four round spots to each 
joint. Below the color is mostly brown, veined and 
clouded with yellowish. 

This species feeds on the leaves of spice-bush and 
sassafras. 

Atlantic, Southern, and Western States. 

5. Papilio Palamedes, Drury. 

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4 inches. 

Upper surface olive-black ; the fore wings crossed by 
two rows of prominent yellow spots, the costal three of the 
inner row nearer the margin than the others, and having 
another spot standing before them ; a bar at the end of 
the discal cell. Hind wings with an outer row of yellow 
lunules and a band corresponding to the inner row of 
the fore wings. Between these there is a more or less 
complete row of blue clouds, this space somewhat washed 
with yellow : the more yellow the less blue. Anal ocellus 
orange, partly bordered with yellow, not pupilled ; some 
orange in the band near the internal margin. Tail .4 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 95 

of an inch long, black, with a central ray of yellow 
Body black, with a yellow lateral stripe. 

On the under side the fore wings are about as above ; 
the hind wings have the band white, with orange clouds 
on its outer edge between the veins, and each lunule has 
a broad dash of orange ; the blue clouds more prominent 
than above. There is also a dull yellow stripe across 
the wings nearly jDarallel with the inner margin. 

The egg is spherical, a little flattened at the base. Tlte 
color is greenish yellow. It hatches in five days. 

The young larva is .1 of an inch long ; cylindrical, 
greatly thickened from joints 3 to 6, from 6 tapering 
to 12, then thickening to the end. There are eight rows 
of fleshy processes, those at the ends being larger than 
the others. Color of body brownish yellow marked 
with white; a white band, not very clearly defined, 
passes along the sides of segments 3 to 8 ; segments 1 2 
and 13 white. It moults in four days. 

After the first moult, its length is .33 of an inch. In 
this stage the two subdorsal rows of tubercles, or fleshy 
processes, are minute on joints 6 to 10; the whole of 
the two dorsal rows minute. Color yellow-brown, 
darkest posteriorly ; white marks as before. 

In two days it moults again, when it is .36 of an 
inch long ; the same general shape as before. Joint 3 is 
a little excavated on the anterior part of the dorsum ; 
on the second is a square-topped ridge, but the processes 
have disappeared. On joints 12 and 13 the processes 
are as during preceding stage, but the rest of the dorsal 
and subdorsal have disappeared. Color yellow-brown to 
dark brown ; the sides of posterior segments of a black 
hue ; white stripes as before. During preceding stage 



96 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

joint 4 had a large suboval black ocellus in a narrow 
yellow ring. Now the front part of ocellus is velvety 
black, but back of this it is vitreous black. 

After three days it moults the third time. The length 
is .8 of an inch, color about the same, the anterior seg- 
ments a little darker, their surfaces finely and thickly 
but indistinctly dotted green ; the middle segments 
lighter-colored and distinctly dotted green ; the side- 
bands salmon color ; the last segments a redder salmon ; 
13 white above base at extremity ; along base of body, 
with a little above spiracles, a white macular band ; on 
dorsum of 13 are two small conical white processes ; on 
dorsum of 5 are two abbreviated bars of red lilac, one 
on each side in the subdorsal row, and on 6 to 10 is a 
small rounded lilac spot on each in same row ; on side 
of 8 to 10 one similar spot to each ; below the basal 
ridge is a small indistinct blue-lilac spot on each segment 
from 6 to 1 1 ; ocellus as before ; the buff ring now open 
on anterior side ; head greenish yellow. 

In four days more it moults the last time, taking nine 
days from this to reach maturity. The mature larva is 
1.6 inches long; cylindrical, shaped as during the pre- 
ceding stages. Color dull velvety green on joints 3, 4, 
5, and on 12, 13, nearly solid, but a little specked with 
lighter green ; the other segments light and dark green 
in fine markings ; the basal ridge whitish green ; under 
this is a fine black line from 3 to 12, and on 6 to 11 is a 
subtriangular blue spot in black edging on each segment 
just below the line ; 2 lias a narrow yellow ridge in 
front, nearly flat on top, the curves rounded ; on anterior 
side of this and next it is a black subdorsal dash on 
each side ; behind the ridge is a black rough band ; 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 97 

the scent-organs light yellow-brown ; the ocellus on the 
side of 4 with a vitreous black process, the circlet orange- 
red, having a black stripe within its anterior edge, and 
a blue spot on its upper side ; the blue spots along the 
body are set in fine black rings ; on the dorsum of 5 at 
posterior edge is a buff spot just outside the lilac spot 
and touching it ; head olive-green. 

The chrysalis is 1.4 inches long, the ventral side 
highly arched, the dorsum much incurved ; the former 
narrow at summit, rounded, sides sloping. Color varia- 
ble; one phase shows the whole dorsal side a delicate 
green, with a darker green dorsal stripe from mesonotum 
back ; below mesonotum a subdorsal low red tubercle on 
each side; on either side of the abdominal segments 
two rows of dull lilac points ; whole ventral side one 
shade of green, a little darker than dorsum and less 
yellow ; lateral ridge cream color, more or less marked 
by a red line, which broadens on the process of head ; 
on ventral side below head two red dots near the middle 
line; a series of white dots along the margins of the 
wing-cases ; below the ridge, on last segments, are traces 
of blue spots. 

The natural food-plant seems to be red bay, or Persea 
Carolinensis, though they readily eat sassafras. 

Gulf States, Florida to Virginia. 

6. Papilio Turnus, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4.5 inches. 

Upper surface of wings clear pale yellow, costa and 
outer border of fore wings, and outer and posterior bor- 
der of hind wings, black ; the outer portion of the black 
along the costa suffused with yellow ; the outer border 
e 9 9 



98 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



having a row of eight yellow spots on the fore wings, 
and five lunules on the hind wings, the first more or less 
orange ; the anal ocellus orange, with yellow on the pos- 
terior part, not pupilled. The fore wings have four 
black bands or stripes ; the first, about one-fourth the 
distance from the base to the outer margin, is continued 



Fig. 17. 




Papilio Turnus (natural size). 

two-thirds across the hind wings, where it turns abruptly 
to meet a black edging that extends along the base of 
the fore wings and along the inner margin of the hind 
wings to this point. The second extends from the 
costa to the median vein, or sometimes beyond ; the third 
extends from the costa across the end of the discal cell ; 
the fourth, from the costa to the fifth subcostal venule or 
beyond. The broad black terminal border of the hind 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 99 

wings contains a series of more or less prominent inter- 
venular blue clouds, sometimes small and not reaching the 
costal end of the border, at other times suffusing most of 
the black, and it may be some of the yellow. Tail .5 of 
an inch long, black, edged on the inside with yellow. 

Under side similar to the upper, but the black termi- 
nal borders suffused with yellow, and the lunules washed 
with orange, there being a little of this on the posterior 
part of the yellow ground color. 

Body black, with a broad yellow stripe on each side. 

Sometimes the ground color instead of being pale 
yellow is more or less tinged with dark yellow border- 
ing on orange, and this may be suffused with black. 
These are transition stages between the typical form and 
the black female. 

Aberr. form 9 Glaucus, Linn. — This is black in- 
stead of yellow. In this case the spots and lunules of the 
outer border remain the same, but the blue clouds of 
the hind wings extend in a crescent band from the costa 
to the internal margin, preceded by a wavy black line, 
and more or less of the wing inside this line washed 
with blue. The black ground color is usually dull, so 
that the transverse black bands can be traced, at least on 
the under side. 

The eggs are nearly globular, smooth ; dark green when 
first laid, but soon change to greenish yellow, speckled 
with reddish brown. 

The young larva is of a brownish color mottled with 
black, and has a large whitish spot on the middle of the 
back. On each side of the dorsum on the second and 
last three segments a tubercle, and two on each side of 
third and fourth. Duration of this period four days. 



100 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

During the second stage, or after the first moult, the 
color is blackish brown, mottled with light brown or 
dark green, and dorsal ly dotted with white. Dorsal 
patch yellowish, tubercles black. In five days it moults 
the second time, when the length is .7 of an inch. The 
color is mottled light and dark green on the anterior 
and last segments ; the large patch salmon-colored, as 
is often more or less of the last segment ; tubercles and 
lilac spots as before ; on fourth segment a round ochra- 
ceous patch appears, on which is a black ring with a lilac 
centre ; head brown. 

Moults the third time in four days, when the length 
is one inch ; anterior segments much thickened. Color 
green, the salmon patch nearly and sometimes wholly 
lost ; the spots on joint 4 pale green, central points purple ; 
on the same segment are two small purple spots between 
the others ; on joint 5 is a row of four purple spots, and 
on 9 to 11 there is one spot on each side of each. Moults 

Fig. 18. 




mm 

Papilio Turnus, full-grown larva. 

the last time in five days. The mature larva is about 
1.5 inches long, of a deep green color, paler beneath, the 
head reddish brown. The anterior edge of segment 2 
and the posterior part of segment 5 are yellow ; the 
anterior part of 6 is velvety black. Some examples 
are dark reddish brown, or blackish, with the same 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. \Ql 

markings. Head above pinkish brown. In about 

seven days it changes to a chrysalis. This is 1.4 inches 

Jong ; cylindrical, thickest at the fifth 

and sixth segments, and tapering rap- Fl Q- 19. 

idly to the last; shaped as in Fig. 19. 

Color variable. Some examples light 

or wood-brown striped with dark 

brown ; others very dark, either brown 

or blackish ; some with a few broken 

stripes of green. 

■ . Papilio Turnus, pupa. 

lire larvse feed on a great variety 
of trees, — apple, quince, thorn, plum, cherry, birch, bass- 
wood, ash, alder, oak, sassafras, catalpa, willow, and tulip- 
tree being given. The eggs are deposited singly on the 
leaves, and hatch in a little less than two weeks. The 
mature larvae rest on the upper side of the leaf, covering 
it with silk and curving it up so as partially to enclose 
itself. 

Atlantic States ; Mississippi Valley to Texas. 

7. Papilio Cresphontes, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 4 to 5.25 inches. 

Wings above olive-black, crossed by two rows of prom- 
inent yellow spots. One row begins at the apex of the 
fore wings and extends across the hind wings near the 
base, the part on the hind wings being a band reaching 
from costa to inner margin. The second row begins on 
the costa above the end of the cell, extends outward till 
it meets the first row, the third spots of each row coa- 
lescing ; opposite the sixth spot of the first row it is re- 
newed, and extends in three spots to the posterior angle. 
From the apex of the hind wings it is continued to th<» 

9* 



lOi 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 
Fio. 20. 




j^&piiio Creephontos (natural size). 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



103 



inner margin just below the ocellus. Ocellus jet-black, 
with an orange bent bar, and clouded with blue on the 
basal side. There are some blue clouds inside the yellow 
row. Tail .4 of an inch long, black, with an ovate yellow 
spot near the tip. 

Most of the ground color of the under side yellow, 
the blue clouds more distinct, and some orange beyond 
the discal cell of hind wings and at the anal angle. 

Body black above, sides and under parts yellow. 

Egg spherical, a little flattened at the base, pale ochre, 
with sometimes a greenish tinge, at other times inclining 
to orange. 

Fig. 21. 




P. Cresphontos, larva. 



The young larva is dark brown, beset with tubercles, 
from which spring short hairs, the sixth and eleventh 
segments straw color. After the first moult there is but 
little change, as also after the second. After the third 



104 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



moult the body becomes shining, the tubercles disappear- 
ing, except on joints 2 to 5 ; thickest through joint 4 ; 
from joint 4 to 5 an abrupt decrease in size, as shown 
in the figure. Head olivaceous, the ridge on joint 2 
pale olivaceous, parts of joints 6 and 7 creamy tinged 
with olivaceous ; the terminal part of the body some- 
what enlarged and pearly-whitish on the back, tinged 
with olivaceous round the edges ; the rest of the body 
olivaceous brown. 

The mature larva is 1.75 inches long, shaped much 
as before the last moult, a prominent ridge extending 
across the second segment, along the sides and over the 
back of segment 4, this being the highest part. Inside 
this space it is somewhat flattened. The dark parts are 
dark brown ; a white band extends from above the head 
round to the elevation on joint 4, the lateral portion 
being mottled with olive and brown ; several white rings 

on the elevated ridge, 
Fig. 22. an( J a fo W on the dor- 

sum of joint 5. On 
the dorsum of joints 
6 to 8 is a light space 
extending a little 
over on the sides ; 
another similar space 
on the posterior part 
of the body; from 
two to four small blue 
spots on each joint 
back of the third. 
The chrysalis is 1.5 inches long, some a little shorter; 
shaped as in the figure ; the abdomen with a subdorsal 




P. Cresphontes, pupa. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 105 

row of small tubercles. Color variable. One form gray 
marked with dark gray and brown, another pale green 
marked with gray and brown ; the latter color mostly on 
the head and down the ventral part of the thorax. 

There are two broods of this insect in a season in 
this latitude, the larva feeding on prickly-ash, orange, 
hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata), and Didamnus Fraxinella. 

Southern and Western States ; Ohio, West Virginia, 
Michigan, New York, Connecticut. 

8. Papilio Polydamas, Linn. 

Expanse of wings 3.5 inches. 

Color of upper surface greenish black ; a single row 
of yellow spots to each wing, nearly parallel with the 
outer margin. The apex is more produced than in the 
preceding species, and the row of spots only partly fol- 
lows the flexures ; the row on the hind wings not curved 
so much as the outer margin, and forming a continuous 
band but for the black veins. No ocellus or tail. 

On the under side the black has a brownish tinge; 
the yellow spots of the fore wings are repeated except 
towards the apex, but the yellow spots of the hind wings 
are absent ; but close to the margin are seven red spots, 
the anal one a bar, the rest more or less figure-3-shaped . 

Body black, with a narrow orange stripe on each side, 
and orange spots on the collar. 

Indian River, Florida ; Cuba, Mexico. 



106 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



SUBFAMILY PIERINJE. 

In the Eastern United States this subfamily contains 
all of the Papilionidse except the genus Papilio. The 
butterflies do not have the tail to the hind wings, though 
a few have an angle in the outer margin of these wings ; 
and the inner margin of the hind wings is convex and 
bent downward so that the two sides form a gutter, in 
which the abdomen apparently rests. The larvae are 
cylindrical, have a few scattered hairs over the body, 
sometimes a fine short pile also, but lack the scent- 
organ of ihe Papilios. Some of the chrysalides, as Pieris 
and Colias, resemble those of the Papilios except in size, 
but others are strongly projecting ventrally so as to be 
nearly triangular. 

9. Pieris Ilaire, Godt. 

Expanse of wings 2.5 inches. 

Wings white ; the apex brownish black, the costa and 
the anterior two-thirds of the outer margin bordered with 
the same ; a very slight border of black in the fringe of 
the hind wings. This color is not repeated on the under 
side except along the costa. The basal part of the costa 
of the hind wings is tinged with dark yellow. Body 
black, with white hairs. 

Indian River, Florida; Texas, Arizona. 

10. Pieris Monuste, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
Wings white, costa black, a black border on the outer 
margin, covering about the outer fourth of the wing at 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 1Q7 

the apex, but narrowing to a point at the posterior angle. 
This border is serrated on its inner edge, with two or 
three white rays extending nearly across the border near 
the apex. Hind wings with a very narrow border com- 
posed of triangular spots. Female has a bowed black 
line on the middle of the fore wings. 

The under side has the border less distinct than above, 
the veins colored, and a shade partly across the middle 
of the hind wings. In the female the border is more 
prominent than in the male. 

This species, the largest one of the genus with us, is 
spread over the Gulf portion of the Southern States, 
where it is known as the Larger Cabbage Butterfly. 

According to Professor Riley, the eggs are light yellow, 
subovoid, with the base applied to the leaf, smooth. 

The larva, when full grown, is about 1.6 inches long, 
lemon-yellow in color, with four longitudinal bands of 
a purplish shade. Each joint is somewhat spotted with 
black and covered with sparse delicate bristles. 

The chrysalis is pale yellowish marked with blackish, 
and characterized by two black filamentous spines on 
the middle of its body. 

The food-plants are cabbage, kale, lettuce, turnip ; 
and it has also been found feeding on a species of Cleome 
and Polanisia. 

Southern States, Texas. 

11. Pieris Pkotodice, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 

Summer form, Protodice, Bd. — Lee. Male. — Upper 
surface white, fore wings with a broad black dash or bar 
across the end of the discal cell (Fig. 23), and a submar- 



108 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 




Heris Protodice, mule (natural size). 



ginal row of three more or less distinct spots, the last 
almost or quite touching the hind margin. There are 

traces of rays run- 
Fia. 23. nino; from this row 

to the outer edge. 
Hind wings with- 
out spots. 

On the under side 
the spots and bars 
are repeated ; the 
veins of the hind 
wings are broadly 
marked with green- 
ish yellow sprinkled with brown scales, and the tips of 
the fore wings tinged with greenish yellow. 

Female (Fig. 24). — The coloi is the same, and the 

fore wings have the 
bar at the end of 
cell and the sub- 
terminal row of 
spots, but these 
show a tendency 
to blend, and the 
outer margin sup- 
ports a border of 
triangles connect- 
ing with the sub- 
terminal row by rays. The hind wings have a zigzag sub- 
terminal blackish line, the outer portions sending rays to 
the margin, where they are somewhat expanded. The base 
of both wings is more sprinkled with dark scales than in 
the males. The under side similar to that of the male. 



Fig. 24. 




P. Protodice, female (natural size). 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



109 



Winter form, Vernalis, Edw. — This form is smaller 
than the summer form, and the dark colors are more 
prominent. The spots of the subterminal row of the 
fore wings are more inclined to be connected. It ex- 
pands scarcely 1.6 inches. 

Body black, with some white hairs and scales. 

The eggs are long, slender, pointed, and deposited 
singly on the under side of the leaves of its food-plant, 
often a number on one leaf. 

Fig. 25. 




P. Protodice, larva and pupa. 



The larva when first hatched is of a uniform orange 
color, with a black head. When full grown it averages 
1.15 inches in length and is nearly cylindrical. The 
most common color is green verging into blue, each 
joint with six transverse wrinkles. There are four 
longitudinal yellow lines each equidistant from the 
other, and each interrupted by a pale blue spot on the 
first and fourth wrinkles of each joint. There are traces 
of another substigmatal line. On each wrinkle is a row 
of various-sized, round, black, piliferous spots, those on 
wrinkles one and four being largest and most regularh 

10 



HO THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

situated; a black hair arising from each spot. Head 
concolorous with the body, covered with black spots, and 
usually with a yellow or orange patch each side. 

The chrysalis is .65 of an inch long, varying in color, 
but mostly bluish gray more or less sprinkled with black, 
with the ridges and prominences edged with buff or flesh 
color. 

This butterfly is usually known as the Southern 
Cabbage Butterfly, though it is to be found in all parts 
of the United States, from Canada to the Gulf, and from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific. Though it has such a wide 
range, it is to be met with as an injurious insect only 
in the Southern States and the States bordering on 
these. In the Northern States P. Papce is more 
common, in many places driving out Proiodice. Where 
the two occur, the European species is more destructive, 
as the larvae of this species not only eat the outer leaves, 
but may be found boring into the head as well, while 
the Protodice larvae feed mostly on the outer leaves. 

There are several broods during a season, the broods 
somewhat intermingling, so that larvse of various stages 
of growth may be found at any time. It hibernates in 
the pupa state. 

Middle, Southern, and Western States to the Pacific. 

12. Pieris Napi, Esper. 

It has been shown by Mr. Edwards that some one 
or more forms of this variable species are to be found 
from Arctic America as far south as California on the 
west," and Michigan and New England on the east, 
being mostly represented in the regions farther to the 
north. As a mere matter of information, the full ar- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. \\\ 

rangement of the forms as found in Mr. Edwards's new 
catalogue is given, with the locality of each, after which 
those occurring in the Eastern United States will be 
considered. 

Pieris Napi, Esper. 

Arctic form, Bryonia, Ochs. — Alaska. 

Var. Hulda, Edw. — Kodiak, Alaska. 
1. Winter form, Venosa, Scud. — California to British 
Columbia. 

Aberr. Flava, Edw. — California. 
2 Winter form, Oleracea-hiemalis, Harr. 

Var. Borealis, Grote. — Labrador, Anticosti. 

Var. Frig ida, Scud. — Boreal America. 

Aberr. Virginiensis, Edw. — New York, Ontario. 
3. 1. Summer form, Acadica, Edw. — Newfound- 
land. 

2. Summer form, a. Pallida, Scud. — California to 

British Columbia. 
b. Castoria, Reak. — California to British 
Columbia. 
Aberr. Flava, Edw. — California. 

3. Summer form, Oleracea-^stiva, Harr.— 

New England to Michigan ; Ontario, Quebec. 

Aberr. Virginiensis, Edw. — Expanse of wings 1.7 
inches. Upper side white, less pure than" the form 
Oleracea, and much obscured by gray-brown scales, 
which are scattered over the whole surface, but are dense 
on apex, costa, and basal half of fore wings, and at base 
and along the subcostal and median venules of hind 
wings; a gray patch on costa of hind wings. 



112 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



Under side white, the venules all bordered with gray- 
brown, most conspicuously on the median vein of both 
wings and the branches of this vein on hind wings ; 
shoulder pale orange. 

The female expands 1,9 inches ; similar to the male, 

the surface usually still 
FlG - 26 - more obscured. 

New York. 
Summer form, Ol fi- 
ll acea-^stiva, Ha IT. 
This is often of larger 




Pieris Nap?, winter form, Oleracea-hiomalis : 
a, larva. 



size of wings, and the 
wings are thinner, and 
purer white on the 
upper side, than in 
hiemalis (Fig. 26). Also 
the base is less obscured, 
and the costa, apex, and outer margin not at all. On the 
under side it is either white or delicate yellow ; the veins 
of both wings but scantily edged with brown scales, and 
often not at all over considerable areas. 

The females have the basal and apical areas pale gray, 
and not infrequently there is a trace of the spot of Napi 
on upper median interspace ; sometimes also a trace of 
the second spot, and of the gray bordering to the hind 
margin of fore wings. The veins beneath are more 
edged with brown scales than in the male. The shoul- 
ders of hind wings are of a very pale yelloiv, and often 
there is no color at all. 

New England to Michigan. 

The eggs, represented in Fig. 27, are somewhat pear- 
shaped, pale greenish white in color, marked with about 



■I 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



113 



Fig. 27. 



fifteen sharp longitudinal ridges with cross-lines between. 
Length about .05 of an inch. 

The young larva is of a glassy white, thinly clothed 
with fine short hairs. As with several other species, the 
egg-shell from which it emerges forms the 
first meal of the young larva. 

The mature larva is about 1.25 inches 
long, of a pale green color, with a darker 
dorsal line, the entire surface covered with 
fine short whitish hairs. 

The chrysalis is of a greenish or whitish 
color finely speckled with black, and shaped 
much as the other species. 

The larva, when ready to pupate, leaves 
the cabbages and seeks some protected place 
on the under side of a board or a fence-rail, 
where it spins its button and loop of silk and changes 
to a pupa. This habit is not confined to this species, 
but is common to the rest of the genus occurring in the 
eastern United States. 




13. PlEKIS VlRGINIENSIS, Edw. 

This is a form occurring in West "Virginia, like Ole- 
racea, except that it has no yellow on the under side of 
the wings. It is single-brooded, producing no summer 
form, while farther north the aberrant form Virginien- 
sis is one of the spring forms of Oleracea, and the parent 
of Oleracea-cestiva, a summer form. The preparatory 
stages are like those of the preceding species, it seeming 
to be a descendant of one of its forms, probably Ole- 
? , acea-cestiva. 



West Virginia. 



10* 



114 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 




Pieris Itapse, male (natural size). 



14. Pieris Rapje, Linn. 
Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 
Upper surface white, the usual form having a brownish- 
or grayish-black patch across the apex. The male has a 

submarpinal round 
Fig. 28. , . ?, „ , 

spot in the first me- 
dian interspace (see 
Fig 28), and a some- 
what elongated spot 
on the costa of the 
hind wings. The 
females have a sec- 
ond round spot at 
the same distance 
from the outer margin on the upper side of the subme- 
dian vein. The base of the wings is dusted a little with 

gray scales, more so 
in the female. 

On the under side 
the fore wings are 
white, pale yellow to- 
wards the apex, and 
with two black spots 
in both sexes corre- 
sponding to the two 
on the upper side of 
the fore wings of the female. Hind wings pale yellow, 
without marks, but sprinkled with black atoms. 
Body black above, white beneath. 
Var. Nov^E-ANGLiiE, Scud. — This form occurs, so far 
as is now known, only in the Eastern States and New 
York. Ground color of both wings dull sulphur-yellow. 




P. Rapse, female (natural size). 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. U5 

Farther south the winter form, or the one that comes 
in early spring from chrysalides that have hibernated, 
tends to pure white on the upper surface. One male 
in the writer's cabinet has an obscure patch on the apex 
of the fore wings, and the costal mark of the hind wings 
about as much obscured, no trace of the spot in the. me- 
dian intcrs]3ace except what shows through from below. 
Another male has scarcely a trace of the apical patch, or 
the costal mark, with perhaps half a dozen scales in the 
median interspace. On the under side these specimens 
differ a little from the usual form, both being more suf- 
fused with black on the hind wings, the fore wings with 
scarcely any or no yellow at the apex, and only a few 
scales in place of the usual dots. 

Var. Manni, Mayer. — This is a pale yellow form, 
having all the usual markings, but the upper surface pale 
yellow of a clear type and not ochraceous-tintcd. Under 
side like the others. Found in both sexes. 

Georgia ; Chicago, Illinois. 

The larva of this species feeds on cabbage, turnips, 
and some other plants. It is not a native of this country, 
but was introduced from Europe about 1863, since which 
time it has spread over the most of the United States. 
It is usually knowm as the European Cabbage Butter- 

fly- 

The eggs are deposited irregularly over the surface of 
the leaf of the food-plant, mostly on the under side. 
They are somewhat pear-shaped, flattened at the base, 
and the apex truncate. In color they are yellowish, 
marked with twelve longitudinal ribs, crossed by very 
fine lines between. 

The young larva is pale yellow. It first eats the shell 



116 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



Fig. 30. 



of the egg from which it emerges, then covers a space 
with silk, where it rests except when feeding. 

When full grown, the larva is about an inch and a 
half long, of a pale green color, finely dotted with 
black ; a pale yellow dorsal stripe, 
sometimes indistinct, and a row of 
yellow spots along the region of the 
stigmata. 

The chrysalis (Fig. 30, b) varies in 
color from a dull yellowish green to 
an ash-gray, a light gray with nu- 
merous black points being the most 
common form. 

There are probably two broods of 
this species in the most northern por- 
tions of the United States, in the lat- 
itude of Southern Illinois three at 
least occur, and it is quite probable 
that still farther south there are four or five. Like the 
other species, it hibernates in the pupa state. 

New England to the Rocky Mountains; south to 
Georgia. 

15. Nathalis Iole, Bd. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.15 inches. 

Upper surface yellow ; a large patch of black across 
the apex of fore wings, and a stripe of the same along 
the hind margin. The fringes and a little along the 
outer part of the costa are yellow ; and the black along 
the hind margin does not quite reach that margin, nor 
does it extend to the end of the wing, but bends forward 
a little before reaching the posterior angle, where it is 




P. Rapse : a, larva ; b 
pupa. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



117 



Fig. 31. 




Nathalie Iole, female. 



more or less completely separated from the apical patch 
by yellow. 

The hind wings have a black stripe along the basal 
two-thirds of the costa, the rest of the wing being yellow 
in the male, except a few black 
scales on the outer ends of some 
of the veins; but in the female 
there is a partial broad, dusky 
outer border, separated from the 
black of the costa by a yellow 
space, the surface having a tinge 
of yellow. 

On the under side the posterior stripe of the fore 
wings is repeated, in the female somewhat dull, the 
bent portion being replaced by three dots ; in the female 
these three dots, or spots, form a prominent posterior 
part of a subterminal row, the posterior stripe wanting 
or dull. The anterior and outer portion of the fore 
wings is, in both sexes, washed with orange ; the apex 
and hind wings of the female grayish. 

Yar. Irene, Fitch. — This has the under side of the 
fore wings destitute of a blackish central dot, and of the 
three black spots near the posterior angle, the posterior 
one is connected with the posterior stripe ; and the base 
of the wing instead of its outer margin is orange-yellow. 

Illinois, Missouri to California, New Mexico, Arizona. 



16. Anthocharis Olympia, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 

Upper surface white, gray at base of wings ; a large 
gray patch at the apex of the fore wings, partially re- 
placed by white. Costal margin slightly specked with 



118 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

black ; a black bar at the end of cell. The hind wings 
have a few black scales at the outer angle and a small 
wedge-shaped black spot near the base on costa. 

Under side white. The fore wings have a small gray 
subapical patch on costa, nearly covered with green 
scales, and a faint greenish patch on the outer margin. 
Discal spot narrow, lunate, enclosing a white streak. 

Hind wings crossed by bands of yellow-green on a 
gray ground. The one near the base is slightly trifid 
on the costa, the outer one broadly trifid, but running 
from the outer margin instead of the costa, the middle 
and outer one joined on the median vein. There is also 
a spot of the same color between the anterior ends of the 
second and third. 

Body black above, the under side white, the thorax 
tinged with greenish yellow. 

West Virginia, Indiana, Nebraska. 

17. Anthochaeis Genutia, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 1.55 inches. 

Upper surface white, with a large orange apical patch, 
bordered outwardly with black, in which there are seven 
yellowish- white spots on the edge of the wing. There 
is a black dot at the end of the discal cell, some specks 
on the costa, and several somewhat triangular spots on 
the outer border of both wings. 

Under side of hind wings and apex of fore wings 
pale greenish yellow, the rest of fore wings tinged very 
slightly with this color; hind wings and apex of fore 
wings finely netted with black. Discal dot of fore wings 
reproduced. 

Body black above, white below; antennae annulate 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



119 



with black and white. Apex of fore wings produced 
so that the outer margin is excavated below the apex. 
N. Y. to Va. ; Western States, Texas. (See Addenda.) 

1.8. Callidryas Eubule, Linn. 

Expanse of wings 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface bright lemon-yellow, usually paler on 
the internal margin of hind wings; and the male with 
paler rays of raised scales extending inward from the 
outer margin of the fore wings between the veins, the 
anterior five of these rays extending almost to the eell, 
the rest triangular. The hind wings have a similar 
border, but it is narrower and more continuous. The 
male is without spots; the female has a dark brown 
spot with a ferruginous centre at the end of the cell 
of the fore wings, and the costa and fringe brown, with 
brown at the ends of the veins. 

The under side of the male is almost a greenish yellow, 
with a more or less distinct ferruginous bar at the end 
of the cell of the fore wings, and a white or silvery spot 
circled with ferruginous on the cell of the hind wings. In 
some examples there are no other marks, but in others 
there are traces of marks which are more distinct in the 
female. 

The under surface of the female is greenish yellow, 
but little darker than the male, with the costa rosy and 
the fringe ferruginous brown. There is a bar at the end 
of cell of fore wings composed of five rosy spots circled, 
and separated by brown and ferruginous. On the end 
of cell of hind wings are two silvery-white spots circled 
like the others, and set in a patch of brown and fer- 
ruginous scales. On the fore wings beyond the cell are 



I 9Q THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

two rows of elongate, wavy, ferruginous and brown 
patches, one of these, of three spots, extending from near 
the apex obliquely inward, and the other, of two spots, 
submarginal and nearly parallel with the outer margin. 

The hind wings are similarly marked, except that the 
first row has only two spots ; there being also six more 
or less distinct round spots near the base, — two above the 
cell, one in the cell, two below the cell, and one at the 
insertion of the wings. There are also three others 
farther out below the cell. The fore wings are usually 
sprinkled with fine ferruginous scales. 

Thorax black above, the head and prothorax more or 
less rosy, abdomen yellow; all the under parts yellow. 
Antennae rose tipped with ferruginous. 

In the larval state this species is said to feed on the 
species of Cassia. 

Southern States to West Virginia and Ohio, Illinois, 
Iowa, Arizona, Southern California; occasionally in 
New York and Rhode Island. 

19. Callidryas Senn^e, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.75 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface clear lemon-yellow, the same 
shade as C. Eubule. Like that species, this has an outer 
border of intervenular spots of the same shade of yellow 
as the wings, and the scales composing these spots are 
slightly raised, as though placed over the others, so that 
in certain lights they seem lighter than the other parts, 
the remainder of the wing having in the same lights a 
slight greenish tinge. On the fore wings, beginning at 
the costa, those in the first and second subcostal inter- 
spaces rc^ch almost to the base of these spaces, the same 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



121 



as they do in Eubule, the third does not go quite so near, 
while the fourth does not extend more than a third of 
the distance from the margin to the cell, in Eubule both 
of these going as near to the cell as do the first and 
second. The remainder are blunt conical, similar to 
those of the border of Eubule, but a little more blunt. 
In one small specimen from Indian River, Florida, all 
of these are more abbreviated than in the above descrip- 
tion. On the hind wings the border is a band scarcely 
sinuous on the inner edge, narrowing towards the anal 
angle. In the small specimen the border extends along 
only the anterior half of the margin. Like Eubule, 
there are no colored spots on the upper surface. 

Under side a little darker than above, slightly orange- 
tinted, except along the hind margin of the fore wings. 
Marked after the pattern of Eubule. There are on the 
fore wings two purplish-brown spots on the end of the 
cell, the lower twice as large as the upper, elliptical, with 
an elliptical rosy patch in the centre ; the upper with 
rosy scales on the cross-vein. In addition, there are 
the usual three series of spots along the outer margin, 
— the first three parallel with the apical portion of the 
costa, and situated in the first three subcostal interspaces ; 
the next three in the next three interspaces, extending 
obliquely inward, the lower spot not quite half-way from 
the margin to the cell ; the third series contains only 
two spots, lying nearly parallel with the outer margin : 
these spots vary from a washing to sprinkling of dark 
brown scales with a few rosy. 

Hind wings have one spot at the end of the cell with 
a central silver spot, and four rows of somewhat scattered 
spots, all of them a little oblique : the first row consists of 
p 11 



122 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

a rosy spot at the base of the wing and a dark one on 
each side of the costal vein in line ; the second, passing 
obliquely through nearly the middle of the cell, contains 
three geminate spots ; the third, not quite in a straight 
line, contains the spot at the end of the cell, which is 
composed of several small spots ; the fourth, submarginal, 
consists of four elongate, irregular patches, the third near- 
est the margin. Besides these, both wings are sparsely 
sprinkled with orange scales. The margin of each wing 
is edged with a fine line, with orange-brown points at the 
ends of most of the veins. 

Female. — About three forms of this sex are to be 
met with. One is of the same color above as the male, 
with a dark brown round spot at the end of the cell, 
nearly divided by a rosy orange line ; and a brown 
edging along the outer margin of the fore wings, with 
small spots at the ends of the veins, these being mere 
points on the hind wings, and the edge orange. Another 
form is dirty whitish yellow, the discal spot a little 
larger ; and both wings have a terminal border of quite 
prominent, slightly lunate spots, there being four or 
five small clusters of scales within the margin in the 
subcostal and discal interspaces. Another form is more 
like the first, but less clear yellow. A fourth form is 
smaller than the others, expanding about two inches. 
In this the general color is darker than in the male, witli 
the hind wings considerably orange- tinted. The spot at 
end of cell is fully twice as large as in the first, with the 
central spot shorter and broader, the outer border broader 
than in the second form, some of the spots approaching 
conical, with, on the fore wings, the three series of three 
spots each of the under side represented by small patches 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 123 

of scales. On the hind wings the two small spots of the 
under side at the end of the cell show through. 

Under side of the same orange-tinted color as in the 
male, but darker ; marks the same, but generally heavier. 
The first form has the two discal spots at the end of the 
cell blended, an irregular dark brown outline within in a 
rosy orange patch, with some silver scales in the centre ; 
the hind wings have a round silver mark at the end of the 
cell on the cross-vein, and another above and outside, 
both in a rosy orange patch, with a sprinkling of orange 
scales, the other spots not heavier than in the male. The 
second form is dirty whitish yellow as above, as also the 
third ; the discal spot of the fore wings is larger and mostly 
rosy silver, the terminal border more prominent. The 
fourth example differs from the others in having the 
marks much heavier j the spot at the end of the cell 
of the fore wings is a large silver patch, somewhat 
divided into four parts ; the subterminal spots and the 
rows on the hind wings are inclined to blend, and the 
outer margin has a terminal border of rosy scales winch 
shades out into the general color, almost reaching, on 
the fore wings, the subterminal spots ; and the surface is 
more sprinkled with the rosy scales. 

Thorax black above, with whitish hairs ; abdomen 
yellow ; head brownish rosy, extending to the tip of 
palpi, sides rosy ; beneath yellow, more or less tinted 
with orange. 

The larva is said to be deep citron-yellow, punctured 
with black, and a blue transverse line on each segment ; 
abdomen below and feet yellow, with a lateral range of 
small blue lines above the feet. 

Food-plant, Cassia. 



124 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Indian River, Florida; Texas, Arizona, Southern 
Illinois. 

20. Callidryas Philea, Linn. 

Expanse of wings 3.5 inches. 

Female. — Upper surface dark yellow, washed a little 
with orange along the costa, with a prominent orange 
border to the hind wings not quite reaching the apex, 
there being a marginal row of dark brown spots along 
the outer third of the costa to the apex and round the 
outer margin of both wings. At the apex these are 
blended into an apical patch. Discal dot not very 
prominent. The fore wings have a submarginal row of 
spots answering to those usually found on the under 
side. 

Under side yellow, heavily sprinkled with ferruginous, 
more prominent towards the base of the hind wings. 
Marks similar to those of C. Sennce, but heavy, and the 
brown has a washing of rose color. 

The males are yellow, with a patch of light orange 
near the anterior margin of the fore wings, nearer the 
base than the outer margin. Hind wings with the 
orange border similar to that of the female, except that 
it lacks the brown spots. 

Occasionally in Texas, Illinois, and Wisconsin. 

21. Callidryas Agarithe, Bd. 

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface clear light orange, a little paler 
over the inner portion of the hind wings ; without spots, 
but with a terminal border of elevated scales which in 
certain lights seem to be paler; the border in width 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 125 

nearly one-fourth the length of the fore wing, but about 
half as wide on the hind wings ; crenate on the inner 
edge on the fore wings. 

Under side paler yellow than above, but orange-tinted, 
scarcely darker than the under side of the male Sennce; 
nearly without marks. At the end of the cell of the 
fore wings there is usually a small blackish-brown spot, 
with or without a few rosy scales, some examples not 
having either the black or the rosy. There is a more or 
less distinct oblique stripe of dark scales extending from 
near the apex to near the hind margin, usually stopping 
at the lower branch of the median, opposite the lower side 
of the cell, almost half-way from the outer edge to the cell. 
The hind wings have at the end of the cell a faint dark 
brown circle, and one in the interspace above outside 
the cell ; in some examples scarcely a trace of these. 
Besides these there are traces of a submarginal row of 
spots, and a row through the end of the cell like Sennce, 
but they are represented by a few scattered scales or not 
at all ; also some scales in the places along the costa and 
near the base of the cell, representing an inner row. 

Female. — This is more of the color of the dirty yellow 
form of Sennce, or dirty whitish yellow. At the end of 
cell of fore wings an elliptical blackish-brown spot ; the 
costa blackish brown, the costal margin sprinkled with 
this, the apex blackish brown ; along the outer margin 
a series of brown semi-oval spots at the ends of the veins, 
which are not quite connected, these extending along the 
hind wings nearly to the anal angle. Extending from 
the apical patch on the fore wings is an oblique row of 
six spots separated by the veins, and three smaller ones 
in the subcostal interspaces. The hind wings have three 

11* 



120 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

subniarginal spots, which are not quite so distinct as those 
on the fore wings. 

Under side whitish sprinkled with rosy scales, es- 
pecially along the outer margin and apex of fore wings 
and outer margin of hind wings; subterminal row of 
spots of the upper side repeated, but not the terminal. 
The spot at the end of the cell is large, long, silvery, 
surrounded with blackish scales, broken into four or five 
parts, much as on Sennce. 

The hind wings have the silver spots, one on the cross- 
vein at the end of the cell and the other on the inter- 
space above and outside, these circled with blackish 
brown and with rosy scales. Besides these there are 
the same traces of spots that are found on the male, 
though a little more prominent. 

Thorax black, with whitish hairs, abdomen yellow, 
head and palpi above dark, below concolorous with the 
wings ; antennae brown, with brownish tip. 

Florida, Texas, Kansas, Arizona, occasional in Ne- 
braska. (See Addenda.) 

22. Kricogonia Lyside, Godt. 

Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.95 inches. 

Upper surface white, in some examples very slightly 
green- tinted. The fore wings with the basal third 
bright lemon-yellow, shading a little into the white on 
the outer edge ; the apex yellow-tinted ; the base of the 
wing black-edged. Hind wings uniform white, except a 
little tinting of yellow at the base. 

There are two forms of this, a winter form, Lyside, 
Godt., which has the upper surface as above described ; the 
under side of the fore wings as on the upper surface, ex- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 127 

cep<; that there is more yellow at the apex, and the costal 
margin is yellow-tinted. The hind wings uniform pale 
yellow, heavily sprinkled with whitish or slightly buff- 
tinted scales, giving the wing a slight grayish cast; a 
few broAvn scales on the middle of the cross- vein. 

Summer form, Tekissa, Luc, is like the winter form 
above, except that there is a bronzy black bar about .15 
of an inch long on the hind wings from the costa back 
about two-thirds the distance from the base. The under 
side of fore wings the same, but the hind wings are more 
yellow-tinted, lack the whitish scales, and the brown on 
the cross-vein is more distinct. 

Texas ; Indian River, Florida 

23. COLIAS CiESONIA, Stoll. 

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface yellow, with a broad terminal border, 
the inner part bent inward along the costa, and making 
a deep sinus between the second discal and the second 
median venule. The base of the wing has a heavy 
shading of black scales, the anterior portion extending 
half-way across the wing, and from the median vein to 
the costa. This leaves the yellow portion somewhat 
resembling a dog's head, the discal dot answering for an 
eye. Hind wings with a narrow black border, dentate 
on the inside ; an orange discal spot, and a smaller one 
just outside the cell. 

In the female the yellow of the fore wings is more 
encroached upon by the black basal shading, with a 
sprinkling of black atoms over the "dog's head," and 
rays of black between the veins of the hind wings. 
There is also a slight blue reflection over the " dog's 



128 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

head." Costa, antennae, and portions of the fringe 
rosy. 

On the under side the discal spots are more prominent 
than above, and pupilled with silver ; a submarginal row 

Fio. 82. 




Coiiaa Csesonia, male (natural size). 



of dots are black on the fore wings, but red on the hind 
wings. Ground color of hind wings and apical portion 
of fore wings dark yellow ; a rosy ray from the body 
outward on the hind wings. 

The larva is said to be green, with a lateral white 
band, punctured with yellow ; besides this band, there is 
on each segment a transverse black band, bordered with 
yellow. It feeds on the different species of clover. 

Southern States, Mississippi Valley, Texas to Cali- 
fornia ; occasional in Minnesota 

24. COLIAS ElJRYTHEME, Bd. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.35 inches. 
Varying considerably in color, but the usual form of 
male orange-yellow, shading to sulphur-yellow on the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 129 

costa of both wings and on inner margin of hind wings ; 
the base and inner margin sprinkled with black scales. 
Outer border black, broadest at apex, somewhat irregular 
on inner edge, extending a little on the costa and hind 
margin of fore wings; the anterior veins yellow where 
they cross the black. In width the border is about one- 
fourth the length of the wing. Discal spot black. On 
the hind wings the border is narrower, and docs not 
reach the anal angle. Discal spot of hind wings orange, 
composed of two spots. Both wings have a roseate 
reflection. 

Under side yellow, middle of fore wings tinged with 
orange. On both wings a subterminal row of dots, the 
three posterior of the fore wings black, the rest brownish, 
also two dots on the costa near the apex. Discal spots 
repeated, the anterior black, with a few light scales ; 
posterior geminate, silvery, annulate with roseate brown 
or ferruginous ; a dash on the costa of the hind wings 
near the apex, and a rosy spot at the base. 

The typical female is of the same general color, a 
little more yellow along the costa and beyond the discal 
cell. The border instead of being solid black contains 
a row of yellow spots, the third from the posterior end 
on the fore wings subobsolete. The hind wings have 
the border wider than in the males, and it contains the 
rudiments of a row of spots. The black scales scattered 
over the base cover more of the wings than in the male. 
Under side similar to that of the male. 

A white or albino female form is sometimes found, 
with all the markings as in the yellow form. There 
are the following seasonal and local variations from the 
typical form. 



130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Winter form, Ariadne, Edw. This has an expanse 
of wings in the male of from 1.3 to 1.6 inches; in the 
female, of from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. The upper surface is 
of a bright lemon-yellow. On the fore wings an orange 
patch extends from the hind margin to the median vein 
or beyond, sometimes very pale, but usually decided and 
gradually passing into the yellow beyond. 

Hind wings sometimes slightly tinted, but more often 
without orange save the discal spot. Marginal borders 
narrow, scarcely half as wide as in the form Keeway- 
din. 

Under side more greenish yellow than Kecwaydin, a 
large double discal spot on the hind wings, silver, annu- 
late with ferruginous, and placed in a patch of pink 
ferruginous. 

In the female the orange on the fore wings is much 
as in the male, the hind wings greenish yellow much 
dusted over with black scales. Marginal borders narrow, 
the border on the fore wings only partly enclosing the 
submarginal spots, or even without trace of spots, es- 
pecially on the hind wings. 

This form is found only in the Southern States, more 
distinctly marked in Texas than elsewhere : here the 
summer form Eurytheme flies through the summer, but 
the forms Ariadne and Keewaydin, from chrysalides win- 
tered over, take its place in the spring, Ariadne being the 
first one that emerges. In the Northern States Keeway- 
din is the winter form, while in the mountain regions 
Keewaydin and Eurytheme are found flying together 
during the summer. 

Winter form, Keewaydin, Edw. This may be 
known from the typical Eurytheme by its smaller size, 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. \%\ 

its duller yellow and less roseate reflection, and both 
sides more sprinkled with black scales. The costal yel- 
low of the fore wings is broader, encroaching more upon 
the orange, the latter being deepest near the base. In 
some specimens there is very little or even no orange on 
the fore wings, and in the latter case there is no orange 
on the hind wings except the large discal spot. Those 
specimens that have considerable orange on the fore 
wings have the hind wings washed with orange, but not 
so deep as the fore wings. The orange discal spot is 
larger than in the form Eiirytheme. 

On the under side the yellow is less of a deep yellow 
and more of a greenish yellow, resulting from a sprink- 
ling of f.ne black scales. The discal spot of the fore 
wings is more or less triangular, white in the centre; 
the hind wings have one or two discal spots, annulate, 
with roseate scales, less ferruginous than the typical form. 

Summer form, Eurytiieme, Bd. — This is the form 
first described. 

The egg of this species is .06 of an inch long, narrow, 
fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle to each ex- 
tremity, the base broad, the summit pointed; ribbed 
longitudinally, and crossed by numerous striae. Color 
buff- white when first deposited, but after one or two days 
changing to crimson, and near the close of the stage to 
black. 

The young larva? are cylindrical, of even diameter to 
the eleventh segment, each segment several times creased, 
and on the ridges thus formed many black points, from 
which spring white hairs. Color dark brown or choco- 
late. 

After the first moult the length is .125 of an inch; 



132 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

shaped as before; body covered with minute black 
tubercles, disposed on the ridges so as to form both 
longitudinal and transverse rows, each tubercle sending 
out a white hair. Color dull green, head ovoid, dark 
brown. 

After the second moult the length is .28 of an inch. 
Color dark green, head as before. 

After the third moult the length is .45 of an inch ; 
cylindrical, long and slender. Color dark green ; at 
base of body a white stripe, through which runs a crim- 
son line, and under this stripe are black, semicircular or 
ovate spots, sometimes seen only on segments 3 to 6, but 
usually from 3 to 11, sometimes wanting. Towards the 
last of the stage a paler subdorsal line. Ti berculated 
and pilose as before. 

After the fourth moult the length is .56 of an inch. 
Color dark green, but varying, some examples having 
the sides only dark, the dorsum yellowish ; the subdorsal 
stripe sometimes wanting, but usually present. Head 
ovoid, yellowish green. 

The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.2 inches long, 
cylindrical, each joint as in the early stage several times 
creased, and on the ridges thus formed several fine 
papillae, white or black, each supporting a fine short 
white hair. Color dark green, at the base of body a 
band of pure white, through which runs a bright crimson 
line from segments 2 to 11 almost continuously. Be- 
neath this band, from joint 3 to 12, is a large semicircular 
or semi-ovate black spot to each joint, the anterior ones 
largest. There is a faint white subdorsal line thickened 
at the posterior end of each joint so as to present a well- 
defined white spot. Above this a line of crimson, broken 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 133 

on each segment. Beneath these lines, on joints 5 to 10, 
is a black dot to each joint. Under side, feet and legs 
pale green ; head ovoid, pale or yellow green. 

The chrysalis has the anterior part and the wing-cases 
dark green, the abdomen yellow-green. There is a light 
buff stripe on each side of the abdomen from the end 
of the wing-cases to the extremity, and on the ventral 
side of this stripe a demi-band of dark brown. Between 
the stripe and the bend are three black dots, one to each 
segment, with a submarginal row of black dots on the 
wing-cases. 

Clover forms the food-plant of this species. 

Western States to the Pacific ; occasionally in the 
Middle States to Massachusetts. 

25. Colias Philodice, Godt. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface of wings sulphur-yellow, with a broad 
terminal border of black, broader on the fore wings of 
the female than on those of the male, and containing a 
submarginal row of yellow spots which are absent in the 
male. Discal dot of fore wings black, elliptical in the 
males, oval in the females; on the hind wings orange, 
usually with a smaller accompanying dot. The antenna?, 
costa, collar, and fringes are roseate. 

Under side about the same color as above, but sprinkled 
more or less with brown scales, except from the cell to 
the posterior margin of the fore wing, the winter forms 
more heavily sprinkled than the summer. Discal spots 
silvery in the centre, the anterior annulate with black, 
the posterior brown set in a pinkish-brown patch. There 
is a submarginal row of dots, the last three on the fore 

12 



134 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

wings black, all the rest brown with pink-brown scales; 
a roseate spot at the base of hind wings. 

A female form occurs with the wings nearly or quite 
white, and also a black form. The winter forms, or 
those from hibernating chrysalides, are usually somewhat 
smaller than the summer forms. 

The eggs are pale yellow when first deposited, but 
change in a few hours to a dark crimson. They are 
spindle-shaped, attached by one end, ribbed longitudi- 
nally, and crossed by numerous striae. These are de- 
posited on the leaves of clover, Medicago (lucern), buf- 
falo-pea, and some other allied plants. From these a 
brownish-green larva hatches in six or seven days which 
is .06 of an inch long, cylindrical, of uniform size from 
segment 2 to segment 11, then tapering to the last. Color 
brownish green, each segment creased by four or five 
transverse creases ; each ridge with several black dots 
on each side, each dot supporting a short whitish clubbed 
process. Head obovate, dark brown. At first the larva 
eats little holes in the leaves, but as it grows older it 
eats the whole leaf from the outside. 

After the first moult it is .12 of an inch long ; shaped 
and creased as before ; the whole upper surface covered 
with minute whitish tubercles which are black at their 
summits, these tubercles forming longitudinal and trans- 
verse rows on the ridges. Color dull green ; head black. 

After the second moult the length is .3 of an inch. 
Color blue-green, showing a faint whitish lateral stripe ; 
head pale green ; tuberculated as before. 

After the third moult the length is .7 of an inch ; the 
principal changes are : lateral stripe white and distinct, 
with usually a red or orange discoloration on the anterior 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 135 

segments, sometimes black lunate spots beneath the 
stripe. 

The mature larva is 1.2 of an inch long ; cylindrical, 
tapering slightly from joint 7 to the anal and from joint 
5 to the head ; the tubercles and white hairs as before. 
Color dark green, pale on the under side ; in line with 
t he spiracles a white or creamy- white stripe, through the 
middle of which runs a streak of crimson, broken at 
the junction of the segments; frequently below this 
stripe is a series of lunate black spots. Head pale 
green. 

The chrysalis is an inch long, of a yellowish-green 
color, with a yellow line along each side. From the 
time that the egg is deposited to the emergence of the 
butterfly from the chrysalis is about forty days during 
the warm part of the year, and the number of broods 
will vary according to the locality. This is not usually 
considered a very injurious insect, but Professor C. H. 
Fernald, of Orono, Maine, estimates that these cater- 
pillars often destroy as much as twenty-five per cent, of 
the entire clover-crop. Their numerous parasites and 
other enemies serve in a great measure to keep them in 
check. 

Atlantic States to the Mississippi Valley. 

26. Colias Interior, Scud. 

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches. 

Professor Fernald says that the males of this species 
closely resemble those of C. Philodice, except that the 
submarginal row of dots on the under side of the wings 
is entirely wanting in both sexes, and the terminal black 
band of the fore wings does not reach the hind margin, 



136 THE. BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

and is almost wholly wanting on the hind wings of the 
females. 
Maine. 

27. Terias Nicippe, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.9 inches. 

Upper surface orange ; a black terminal band in the 
males unbroken from the posterior angle of the fore 
wings to the base of the costa, but broadest at the apex ; 
the basal portion on the costa washed with yellow. On 
the hind wings the border extends from apex to anal 
angle, the inner edge irregular. Inner margin of hind 
wings yellow. 

The female has the border of the fore wings broken 
at the posterior angle, and the anal half of the border to 
the hind wings is so much suffused with orange as to 
leave only scattering black scales, most numerous on 
the veins. There is a narrow black discal spot on the 
fore wings of both sexes. > 

This species may vary from the color given above to 
sulphur-yellow, but orange is the color of most speci- 
mens. 

Under side of the hind wings canary-yellow, the fore 
wings yellow along the costa and terminal border, the 
rest orange. Males with a brown spot on the costa of 
hind wings two-thirds the length from the body out, 
and brown scales scattered over the surface ; discal spot 
of fore wings not prominent. Females have a white 
space towards the outer end of the hind wings enclosed 
in a subterminal row of brown spots, the first two united 
and continued obliquely inward nearly across the white 
space ; on the inside three spots in a row, the middle of 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 137 

which is on the end of the cell. Fore wings as in the 
males. 

This species feed on senna, Cassia Marilandica, and 
possibly other species. The eggs are long, narrow, spindle- 
shaped ; the sides marked by about thirty longitudinal 
ribs without cross-striae. When first deposited they are 
greenish yellow, turning red after a few hours. 

The young larva is whitish, semi-translucent, a few 
whitish clubbed appendages to each segment. 

The mature larva is about an inch long, cylindrical, 
thickest through joints 2 and 3. Dorsal surface pale 
green, the lower part of the sides soft whitish green. 
Each joint has four or five creases, and on the ridges are 
small tubercles, which send out short hairs. Along the 
basal ridge is a whitish stripe, sometimes containing an 
orange patch to each joint, or there is an orange line the 
whole length. The chrysalis is long, slen- 
der ; the ventral side greatly produced, so Fro. 88. 
as to be somewhat triangular. Color of 
dorsum pale green or whitish green, with 
a darker line ; of wing-cases and ventral 
side of abdomen, yellow-green, side-ridges 
cream color, with several brown spots on 
different parts of the body. Torias Nicf PP G < 

... pupa. 

Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico, Missis- 
sippi Valley, Arizona, California; occasional in New 
England. 

28. Terias Mexican a, Bd. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.9 inches. 
Upper surface pale yellow, the anterior half of the kind 
wings deeper yellow. Fore wings with a broad black ter- 

12* 




■■IHH 



138 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

rninal border, attenuated on the posterior margin to near 
the base, a broad quadrate of yellow in the middle ex- 
tending two-thirds the distance across the border. Fringe 

Fig. 34. 




and apical portion of the costa white. The hind wings 
have a prominent angle at the end of the first median 
venule, a narrow terminal border ending before reaching 
this angle, with scarcely a trace of a discal dot. The 
female is a little more yellow. 

Under side yellow, except the posterior two-thirds of 
the fore wings, which are almost white. Discal dots 
more prominent than above ; a broken brown bar ex- 
tending nearly across the hind wings from above the 
anal angle, and some brown scales scattered over the 
surface. 

This species seems to be gradually spreading over the 
North and East ; the habitat as given in Mr. Edwards's 
new catalogue being Texas, Arizona, Southern California, 
Kansas ; occasional in Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and Wis- 
consin, and Ontario, Canada ; the last four places having 
been added since 1877. 



■^^^^^H 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 139 

29. Terias Lisa, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.45 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface yellow, a black terminal border 
broadest at the apex, narrow at posterior angle, the inner 
edge of the border somewhat dentate, the costa suffused 
with black scales. The hind wings have a narrow border 
also dentate within ; a few black scales on the cross-bar 
of fore wings. Fringe roseate, antennae and collar black. 

Under side uniform yellow, with scattered brown 
scales, part of those on the hind wings forming a more 
or less distinct submarginal row of spots ; a pinkish or 
pinkish-brown apical spot to the hind wings. 

The female differs from the male in the border of the 
fore wings not reaching the posterior angle, in that of the 
hind wings being more or less abbreviated, in the ground 
color being a duller yellow, and in the base of the fore 
wings being more densely powdered with blackish. 

Specimens occur having the ground color whitish or 
white. 

The larva is green, Avith four lines along the body, pnd 
is said to feed on clover and some other leguminous 
plants. 

Isle of Shoals, Maine ; south to the Gulf of Mexico ; 
Western States, Arizona. 

30. Terias Delia, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.5 incnes. 

Upper surface citron-yellow, with a broad, black, 
terminal border, broadest at the apex, and somewhat 
dentate internally, terminating abruptly before reaching 
the posterior angle; costa sprinkled with black scales. 



HO THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

A black bar runs along the posterior part of the fore 
wing, parallel with the hind margin, not reaching the 
posterior angle, and bordered with darker yellow below. 

The hind wings have a somewhat triangular apical 
patch in line with some indistinct marginal points or 
rays on the ends of the veins. Fringes rosy above. 

Under side of the fore wings yellow, with the outer 
margin and apical portion wine-red. Hind wings tinged 
with wine-red, and having a transverse undulate, brown- 
ish, interrupted band. 

On the female the black longitudinal bar is nearly 
wanting, and the base is sprinkled with blackish. 

The larva is green, with a longitudinal white line above 
the feet, and is said to feed on clover, Cassia, and per- 
haps other allied plants. 

Gulf States. 

31. Teiuas Jucunda, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches. 

Closely related to the preceding, but is white on the 
under side of the hind wings, and without pink or wine 
color on the under side of the fore wings. The white 
is sprinkled over with gray scales. 

The female is paler, marked like the female of T. 
Delia, the fore wings powdered with blackish. Under 
side like the male. 

Gulf States. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 141 



FAMILY NYMPHALIDiE. 

These may be known by their ample wings, slender 
antennae, the knob slender or not, and by having in both 
sexes, with the exception of the genus Libythea, only 
four feet adapted for walking. The front pair of legs 
are present, but have no developed tarsi, being mere 
lappets placed against the prothorax; the second pair 
are directed forward, and the third or hind pair back- 
ward. The larvae are more or less hairy, or covered 
with more or less branching spines ; the head is more or 
less bilobed, the apex of these lobes often supporting 
branching spines. The chrysalides are naked, often very 
irregular in shape, and attached to a button of silk by 
the hooks of the cremaster alone. The family is repre- 
sented in the United States by five subfamilies, — Helico- 
ninae, Danainae, Nyniphalinae, Satyrinae, and Libytheinae 

SUBFAMILY HELICONIN^E. 

In this the wings are long, rather narrow, with a 
slender body and antennae. It is represented by but 
one species, Heliconia Charitonia, where the characters 
of imago, larva, and chrysalis may be found. 



32. Heliconia Charitonia, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 4 inches. 

Wings long and narrow. Upper surface black, banded 
with lemon-yellow, as in Fig. 35 ; three of these on the 
fore wings and two on the hind wings. The outer one 
on the fore wings is obliquely transverse before the apex, 
the second nearly parallel just outside the cell, the third 



142 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

extends from the base on both sides of the median vein to 
the third venule, from which it bends obliquely outward, 
reaching the margin in a dot. 

The two basal bands of the hind wings form a straight 
line when the wings are spread ; below this is a Ime of 

Fig. 35. 




Heliconia Charitonia (natural size). 

dots, the outer end bending round so as to form a sub- 
marginal row from about the middle of the outer margin 
to the apex. There are a few marginal dots at the anal 
angle, and usually two or three red dots at the base. 

Under side dull black, with the yellow lines and dots 
repeated, though paler. The costa of the fore wings 
with red at the base, three red dots on the base of the 
hind wings, and two below the first band. 

The egg is described by Mr. Edwards as cylindrical, 
one-half higher than broad, flat at base, tapering very 
slightly from base to about three-fourths the length, 
then conoidal, the top flattened and a little depressed. 
Marked by fourteen longitudinal ridges crossed by low 
horizontal ridges. Color yellow. 

The young larvae are cylindrical, tapering slightly 
from about the seventh segment ; marked by four prin- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 143 

cipal rows of flattened tubercles and two rows of smaller 
ones. Color pale reddish brown. 

After the first moult the color is light brown, chang- 
ing as the stage proceeds to greenish white mottled with 
brown ; armed with six rows of spines, which are short, 
slender, tapering, and black, with a few short black 
bristles on the sides. The truncated head is a little 
depressed in the middle, and each vertex armed with a 
short tapering black process thinly beset with bristles. 

There are but few changes during the next inter- 
vals, except in size, and in the color gradually becoming 
whiter. 

The mature larva is from 1.25 to 1.5 inches long, 
cylindrical, armed as after the first moult. Color dead- 
white, with no gloss, smooth, no hairs, and spotted with 
black or brown. 

The chrysalis is very irregular in shape, two leaf-like 
appendages extending from the head. Color brown, 
marked with varying shades of the same, and some gray 
or whitish. 

This insect feeds on the passion-flower ; and there are 
many interesting things connected with its life and habits. 

Floridla to South Carolina. 

SUBFAMILY DANAIN^E. 

In this group the head is broad, the palpi far apart. 
The wings are ample, the discal cell of the fore wings 
open, but that of the hind wings closed, or with 9 vein 
across the outer end of it. The larvse are cylindrical, 
banded transversely, two fleshy appendages from the top 
of the joints near the end. The chrysalides are well 
represented in Fig. 39. 



144 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



33. Danais Archippus, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 3.75 to 4.5 inches. 

Upper surface tawny red or fulvous, with the veins 
heavily marked with black, a black terminal border 
containing two rows of white spots, and a complete and 
a partial row of white or lighter fulvous spots in a black 
space beyond the cell of the fore wings. The males have 

Fig. 36. 




Danais Archippus, male (natural size). 

a black spot beside the second median venule, near the 
middle of the hind win^s. 

The under side is paler than above, especially the hind 
wings, and the white spots are more prominent. 

Body black, with white spots. 

Usually the larva of this species is to be found on 
the different species of milk-weed (Asclepias), but it 
feeds on other plants of the order as well. 

When first deposited, the eggs are white, but in two or 



IH 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



145 



three days they turn yellow, and just before hatching 
they change to dull gray. They are somewhat conical 
in form, and marked by about twenty-five longitudinal 



Fia. 37. 




Danais Lrchippus : a, egg, X ^° 5 c > natural size. 

ribs, with about the same number of transverse ridges, as 
shown in Fig. 37. 

The young larva, which hatches from this in about a 
week, is yellowish white, with a large black head. It 
first eats the egg-shell, after which it eats the leaver 

Fig. 88. 




Danais Archippus, mature larva (nataral size). 

The mature larva is about 1.75 inches long ; the head 

yellowish, marked by two triangular black stripes. The 

body above is marked with transverse stripes of black, 

yellow, and white, as shown in Fig. 38. Joint 3 supports 

ok 13 



■■ 




146 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

two long, black, fleshy horns which point forward ; joint 
11 has a similar pair which point backward, but they are 
shorter. Under side black, with green- 
ish between the joints. 

The chrysalis (Fig. 39) is about an 
inch long, color bright green dotted 
with gold, and with a band of golden 
dots extending more than half-way 
round the body above the middle. 
The band is shaded with black, and 
the cremaster is black. There are 
D^aia Archippus, two or more broods in a season, and 

chrysalis. ft hibernates in the butterfly state. 

United States generally. 

34. Danais Berenice, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 2.75 to 3.5 inches. 

Upper surface reddish chocolate-brown, with a black 
terminal border containing two partial rows of white 
dots on the fore wings, but the dots are obliterate on the 
hind wings. The fore wings have two oblique rows of 
white spots beyond the cell, the inner one crossing the 
end of the cell, and a few dots forming a submarginal 
row. The males have a black spot beside the second 
median venule of the hind wings. 

The under side is similar to the upper, except that the 
terminal border contains two full rows of white spots, 
and the veins of the hind wings are heavily marked 
with black edged with gray. 

The larva is " whitish violet, with transverse stripes 
of a deeper color ; a transverse band of reddish brown 
on each ring, divided in its length by a narrow yellow 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 147 

band. Along the feet a longitudinal band of yellow- 
citron. Long, fleshy processes of brown-purple, disposed 
in pairs on the second, fifth, and eleventh rings." 

The chrysalis is similar to that of D. Archippus; 
green, with golden points on the anterior side, and a 
semicircle of the same color on the dorsal side, a little 
beyond the middle, separated from a blue band by a row 
of small black dots. The larva feeds on Nerium and 
Asclepias. 

Southern States, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona. 

SUBFAMILY KYMPHALIN^E. 

The palpi are approximate, more or less porrect ; the 
discal cells generally open, and the veins of the fore 
wings not dilated at the base. The wings are various, 
but none of ours have as narrow wings as the Helico- 
ninse. The larvae are cylindrical, and furnished with 
several (usually seven) rows of more or less branching 
spines or tubercles. The chrysalides vary from nearly 
cylindrical to considerably depressed on the dorsal side 
just back of the thorax, as in Figs. 41, 47, 51, etc. 

35. Col^njs Julia, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 3.1 inches. 

Upper surface clear reddish fulvous, the prominent 
veins of the fore wings narrowly black ; the fore wings 
with a narrow terminal black border without spots, but 
the border on the hind wings twice as broad as the one 
on the fore wings, and containing two more or less com- 
plete rows of narrow fulvous spots. Costa black, with a 
narrow fulvous line between the black costal and sub- 
costal veins Outer third of costal region and round 



148 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the apex has the black border a little widened. Above, 
the outer end of the cell begins a curved black stripe 
which runs from the subcostal vein across the upper part 
of the end of the cell, and along the first median venule 
to the outer border • a spur from the border above this 
stripe extends inward one-third the distance to the cell. 
The subcostal vein beyond the cell is fulvous to the black 
at the apex. 

Under side pale fulvous brown, paler on the outer 
third, and somewhat clouded. The hind wings have at 
the base two small white spots annulate Avith black, and 
a fulvous spot. At the posterior angle of the fore wings 
are two geminate whitish spots in black, at the anal 
angle two pairs of these spots, and one pair at the apex : 
these spots form part of two indistinct pale fulvous ter- 
minal lines. Fore wings long and narrow, the hind 
margin not more than half the length of the costa ; hind 
wings triangular. 

Southern Florida, Texas. (See Addenda.) 

36. Ageaulis Vanill^e, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches. 

Upper surface rich reddish or yellowish fulvous, the 
veins of the fore wings black on the outer two-thirds of 
the wing, the black enlarged at the ends of the median 
venules and submedian vein. There are three white 
spots in the cell of the fore wings, each set in a black 
patch, one at the end and two in the middle ; and three 
black spots between the submedian vein and the median 
venules. Hind wings with an outer border of black 
containing circular fulvous spots between the veins, and 
three black spots, one in the cell and two submarginal. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 149 

Under side of hind wings and apical portion of fore 
wings yellowish brown streaked a little with yellow, the 
rest of fore .wings fulvous. There are twenty-three or 
twenty-four silver spots edged with black on each of the 
hind wings, and about ten on the apex and outer margin 
of the fore wings ; those on the hind wings and apex 
of fore wings mostly large. 

The eggs are conoidal, truncated, the top a little arched ; 
the sides more or less convex, marked by fourteen ribs 
from base to top, and crossed by eleven tiers of striae ; 
the spaces between the ribs are quadrangular, the spaces 
at the summit hexagonal. 

The young larva is cylindrical, thickest at joint 4, 
tapering slightly to the anal extremity. Color brownish 
orange, glossy ; on each side of the dorsal line, on each 
joint after the second, is a row of conical, pale black 
tubercles, and two similar rows on each side forming 
transverse rows of six tubercles, from the top of each of 
which springs a short black hair. On joint 2 is a black 
dorsal collar with fine tubercles. Head brown. 

After the first moult the color is about the same, but 
after moulting again it is more of a dark 01 red brown, 
with a subdorsal greenish-brown band, and head black. 
After the third moult the color changes to dark glossy 
orange, with the dorsal stripe olive-brown and a sub- 
dorsal of the same, and the lower part of the body olive- 
brown. 

The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, of a red-orange 
color, with a broad dorsal line of greenish black, and a 
broad slate-black band outside this reaching to the first 
lateral, except a narrow stripe of the ground color. Base 
slate-black, orange through the region of the spiracles. 

13* 



150 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Each segment is furnished with six long, tapering black 
spines, blunt at the top, from eacli of which springs a 
bristle. Feet and legs black ; head ovoid, deeply cleft, 
with high conical vertices, on each of which stands a 
stout, spinous, recurved process. 

The chrysalis is a little more than an inch long, 
slender, the thorax much compressed, the wing-cases 
very prominent, forming a narrow carinated hunch, 
which rounds abruptly on posterior end. Colors varia- 
ble, some specimens buff with greenish markings, or on 
the abdomen greenish brown ; some black, the wing- 
cases and anterior parts mottled in light and dark black ; 
some with the anterior parts pink-tinted mottled with 
greenish black. 

The larva of this beautiful insect feeds on the passion- 
flower. It is found in the Southern States ; Arizona, 
California, and occasionally as far north as Coalburgh, 
West Virginia ; Cape May, New Jersey ; Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania. 

37. Argynnis Id alia, Drury. 

Expanse of wings from 2.75 to 3.6 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, black 
along the costa, with a black outer border which is a little 
wider than the costal border; base and hind margin 
brown. In the cell are three black bars, at the end an- 
other bar with an open 8 united to it enclosing a fulvous 
spot. Beyond the cell runs a transverse zigzag line, a 
submarginal row of black dots, and next the border a 
row of black crescents. On the costa, instead of a sub- 
terminal spot there is a black patch, with another between 
this and the zigzag line. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 151 

Hind wings black, with violet reflections ; the base of 
the wing washed with fulvous. There is a black spot in 
the cell, an irregular row of yellowish spots beyond the 
cell, and a marginal row of fulvous spots. Fringes alter- 
nate spots of black and white. Under side of fore wings 
fulvous, white along the costa, a marginal row of silver 
spots enclosed in black crescents, and some silver on the 
costa and near the apex. The black of the upper side 
repeated. Under side of hind wings yellowish brown, 
with twenty-nine silver spots and patches, besides some 
silver shading. 

The female differs from the male in being larger, in 
the terminal band of the fore wings being broader and 
containing a row of white spots, with six more white 
spots near the apex, and in the outer row of spots on the 
hind wings being of the same color as 'lie inner. 

An aberrant form, Ashtaroth, more suffused than 
the typical form, is sometimes found. 

Mr. Edwards describes the egg as conoidal, truncated, 
rounded at the base, the sides well rounded, depressed at 
the summit, marked vertically by about eighteen ribs, 
half of which extend to the summit, and between these 
equidistant transverse slightly-raised striae. 

In about twenty-five days the larva hatches from 
this. It is cylindrical, somewhat thickest in the middle. 
Color pale yellow-brown, translucent • each segment from 
3 to 12 marked by a transverse row of eight elongate 
tubercular dark spots, the whole forming eight longitu- 
dinal rows; one or two long, black, curved hairs arising 
from each tubercle* Head bilobed, the vertices rounded. 

After the first moult the color becomes cinereous, 
mottled and striped with brown ; a macular stripe along 



152 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the dorsal rows of spines, and another just outside the 
first laterals. The spines from six rows are long, fleshy, 
black, each beset with short black hairs. Head black. 

After the second moult the larva is mottled and striped 
with light and dark cinereous, the spines longer, each dull 
yellow at base. 

After the third moult the dark portions become black, 
and the light a dirty white, and the dorsum has a white 
stripe with a central black line ; at the juncture of several 
segments a transverse white stripe, on which are short 
black lines. Each segment is crossed longitudinally by 
black stripes, interrupted by the spines, with a wedge- 
shaped mark between the spines. Head light brown. 

The color after the fourth moult is buff, with the mark- 
ings much as before. The larva moults five times before 
reaching maturity, when it is 1.75 inches long, velvety 
black, banded and striped with oclirey yellow changing 
to dull orange or red, and furnished with six rows of 
tapering, fleshy spines, each of which has several small 
black bristles. Two of the rows along the back are 
silvery white, with black tips, those at the end of the 
rows somewhat smaller. The spines of the rows along 
the sides are smaller, and yellowish or orange at the base. 
The head is reddish above and black beneath. 

The chrysalis, to which the larv;. changes in some shel- 
tered place, is 1.1 inches bog, and shaped as in allied 
species. The color is brown and yellow over the ab- 
domen, the mesonotum pinkish brown, the wing-cases 
brown, pink-tinted, with dark brown and black patches 
over the body. 

This species, like others of the genus, feeds on violets 
in the larval state. In the North it is single-brooded, 



a 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 153 

but in the southern part of its range there are two 
broods in a season. It occurs from Maine to Nebraska, 
New Jersey, Arkansas. 

38. Aegynnis Diana, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 3.25 to 4 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface from the base to beyond the 
middle of the wings dark velvet-brown, the rest of the 
wings deep orange, forming a wide band, crenate next' 
to the brown, and with a brown shading along the veins 
almost to the edge, and a brown line near the margin. 
Inside this line are two rows of brown dots more or less 
distinct, one submarginal, the other next to the brown 
space. 

Under side of fore wings black at base, beyond which 
are the zigzag and other markings found on the under 
side of A. Cybele and other related species, the color 
between these markings that of the outer part of the wing 
above, but somewhat suffused with black. Outer part 
similar to that above, but paler. 

Hind wings with the basal two thirds of a leaf-brown 
color, the outer part same as above, without spots. Be- 
tween these parts is an edging of black, more or less 
covered with silver scales, terminating at each margin 
in a triangular silver spot. Between the costal and sub- 
costal veins is a silver crescent edged internally with 
black ; some silver scales at the juncture of these veins, 
and in the cell. Just within the margin rests a continu- 
ous band of silver crescents. 

The female has the upper part blue- or green-black, 
the outer third of fore wing a little paler, with three rows 
of blue or whitish spots ; the inner row reinforced by 



154 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

three more at the end of the cell. The hind wings have 
the style of the marks more like that of the males. 

On the under side the basal two-thirds of the fore 
wings are marked like the males, bat the colors are 
black and pale blue ; the apical portion dark brown, 
an apical whitish spot edged within with silver, a row 
of whitish spots near the margin, another answering to 
the inner one above, and between these several light bars 
tinged a little with pale buff. Hind wings with the 
basal two-thirds dark brown, the outer portion with the 
veins brown, and the part between the veins black 
washed with brown. The silver marking the same as 
in the males. 

The egg is conoidal, truncated, depressed at the summit, 
marked vertically by about eighteen prominent, slightly 
wavy ribs, eight of which extend from base to summit 
and form there a serrated vein or crown, the ribs crossed 
by about twelve transverse stria?. 

The young larva is about .05 of an inch long, cylin- 
drical, greenish brown, with rows of tuberculated darker 
spots, from each of which grows a black hair : head 
brown. 

The mature larva is velvety black, the body armed 
with six rows of long fleshy spines which radiate from it 
like spokes, and from each of which proceed several short 
black bristles. The length of most of these spines is .2 
of an inch, but the two on the top of the second segment 
are .3 of an inch long and bend forward over the head. 
The base of the spines is deep orange or fulvous. Be- 
tween each pair of dorsals are two whitish dots placed 
transversely. The head is brown in front and fulvous 
behind. When full grown it is 2.5 inches Ions;. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 155 

The chrysalis is cylindrical, with a depression on the 
dorsal portion near the anterior part, and several slight 
elevations on the anterior part. Color brown, marked 
with different shades of the same. 

Food-plant, violets. 

West Virginia to Georgia, Southern Ohio to Illinois, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas. (See Addenda.) 

39. Argynnis Cybele, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 3 to 3.5 inches. 

Upper surface fulvous or yellowish fulvous, the base 
of the wing to the end of the cell, and below this to the 
zigzag line, yellowish brown, there being more of the 
yellow in the male, in the cell of the fore wings are 
the usual five black bars, all but the fourth bent outward 
in the lower half, the two outer united above. Beyond 
the cell are the usual zigzag black line and the subter- 
minal row of dots, the middle ones of the fore wings the 
largest. Just within the outer margin is a terminal 
narrow line, and within this, and on the fore wings, with 
their points resting on this line, is a series of crescents ; 
the fore wings edged with the same color. The cell of 
the hind wings with three more or less distinct bars. 

Under side of fore wings pale yellowish brown, the 
apical space yellowish and enclosing a bright brown 
costal patch ; the lines and dots the same as above, but 
near the apex more brown. The apical five or six of 
the spaces enclosed within the submarginal crescents are 
wholly or partly silver, with three silver patches within 
this line. 

The hind wings have the basal two-thirds reddish 
brown more or less mottled with yellow, the outer 



15G THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

boundary of this color a row of seven silver spots. 
Outer margin brown, fading into yellow at the anal 
angle, and within this another row of seven large silver 
spots rounded within and edged with brown. Between 
these two rows is a bright yellow band without spots. 
In all there are twenty-four or twenty-five silver spots 
to each wing. 

Like both the preceding species, this feeds on violets. 
The egg is conoidal, truncated, broad at base, the sides 
moderately rounded, depressed at the summit ; marked 
by eighteen longitudinal ridges, half of which reach the 
summit, with transverse si rise between the ribs. 

The young larva is like that of A. Diana. The mature 
larva is from 1.8 to 2 inches long. Color velvety black, 
the under side chocolate-brown. As in A. Diana, there 
are six rows of slender black spines which are reddish 
yellow at the base, and beset with many short black 
bristles. Between each dorsal pair of spines on the 
joints from 3 to 11 are two gray transverse dots. The 
spines of the second joint are wholly black, and directed 
forward, but they are not longer than the others. Head 
small, subcordate, the front flattened and finely tuber- 
culated, the back rounded, the vertices having on the 
anterior side of each a small black process. Color of 
front dull dark brown, of back reddish yellow. 

The shape of the chrysalis is similar to that of A. 
Diana. The color is variable, sometimes glossy dark 
brown, with fine mottlings of reddish orange not dis- 
tinct, or dark brown mottled with drab, or dark brown 
mottled with light brown. 

Atlantic and Western States to Nebraska. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES 



157 



40. Abgynnis Aphrodite, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 

Upper surface of wings bright reddish fulvous ; the 
basal third of both wings washed with cinnamon-brown. 
The black markings, similar to those of A. Cybele, but 
not quite so heavy, are shown in Fig. 40. 

The bliick bars forming the median zigzag line are 
often not connected by black on the veins, so that they 

Fro. 40. 




Argynnis Aphrodite (natural size). 

form a broken line. The two lines at the outer margin 
of the female are more or less blended, and the two are 
present on the hind wings of both sexes. The under 
side of the fore wings is pale reddish fulvous, the apical 
portion and along the costa buff, with pale brown mark- 
ings ; six marginal and three submarginal silver spots. 
The hind wings are cinnamon-brown, marked as in A. 
Oybele, but the submarginal yellow band is narrower, 
spotted with brown, almost or quite obliterate on its ex- 
tremities. The silver spots are smaller than in A. Cybeie, 
and are more or less edged with black. 

14 



n 



HM 



158 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

This may be known from Cybele by its smaller size, 
by its being less brown on the base of the wings on the 
upper side, and by the submarginal band on under side 
of hind wings being narrower and spotted with brown. 

The preparatory stages are almost identical with those 
of A. Cybele, though the larvae are a little smaller ; and 
this also feeds on violets. 

It is found in the Northern, Middle, and Western 
States to Tennessee; also in Nebraska, Montana, and 
Kansas. 

41. Aegynnis Alcestis, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 

This closely resembles the preceding, the upper sur- 
face being fulvous, in the female a little more yellowish 
than in A. Aphrodite, and the brown at the base a little 
wider, but narrower than in A. Cybele, extending on the 
fore wings from the inner bar of the cell outward to 
the lower end of the zigzag line ; this line being contin- 
uous instead of broken on the fore wings of the female. 
On the hind wings of the female there is a round black 
spot in the cell nearer the base than the other usual 
marks. 

Under side of fore wings of the male reddish fulvous, 
the apex cinnamon-brown, with the usual black and 
silver spots. Under side of hind wings uniform brown, 
without the submarginal yellow band, the silver spots 
the same as in the preceding species. The under side 
of the female is the same, except that the color on the 
apex of the fore wings and the whole of the hind wings 
is rather dark reddish brown, with sometimes a few 
yellow scales near the central silver spots. The female 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 159 

has nine silver spots on each fore wing and twenty-five 
on each hind wing, and the black marks of both sexes 
are heavier than in A. Aphrodite. This species may 
readily be known from the preceding by the absence of 
the yellow submarginal band on the under side of the 
hind wings. 

The eggs are described as conoidal, truncated, not 
so broad at the base as Idalia, the sides less rounded ; 
depressed at the summit ; marked vertically by about 
eighteen prominent, slightly wavy ribs, half of which 
reach the summit ; and crossed by transverse striae. 

The young larva is translucent greenish brown, each 
joint from 3 to 12 marked by eight rows of tubercular 
dark spots, from each of which arises a long, black, 
clubbed hair, which is curved forward. On the second 
segment is a blackish dorsal patch, with two small spots 
on each side, all furnished with hairs. 

The color after the first moult is yellow-green mottled 
with brown on the dorsum ; as in the other species, six 
rows of spines ; the dorsals begin at joint 2 and run to 
13, the laterals begin at 5 and stop at 12 and 13. The 
spines are long, tapering, black, and beset with many 
short and fine bristles. Head subcordate, black. 

After the second moult the color is black-brown, the 
sides less dark than the dorsum. The tubercles of the 
dorsal spines are buff on the outside ; the first laterals 
have black tubercles, the second buff; the intermediate 
tubercles on anterior segments are yellow. After the 
next moult the color is velvety black with a brown tint, 
with the buff changed to dull yellow and a little of it 
on the first laterals. The head has the front shining 
black ; the back is yellow. After the fourth moult the 



160 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

yellow is orange or reddish yellow, and the lower lateral 
spines are of this color half-way to the tip. 

The mature larva is about 1.5 inches long, cylindrical, 
velvety black. The six rows of spines are of about 
equal length, the dorsals about .15 of an inch, those on 
the top of the second segment directed forward, and all 
are beset with short black bristles. Those on the dorsal 
rows are translucent brown at base, except on joints 3 
and 4, where they are dull yellow ; all of the two lateral 
and the intermediate rows are dull yellow from the base 
half-way to the top ; tops of all the spines black. Head 
subcordate, deeply cleft, flattened in front, on each vertex 
a small conical process. It moults five times in coming 
to maturity. 

The chrysalis is of the same shape as that of Diana, 
the color varying. Some are red-brown irregularly 
mottled with black, others are drab and black. 

Like the others, the food-plant is violets. 

Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Montana, Colorado. 

42. Argynnis Atlantis, Edw* 

Expanse of wings about 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface fulvous, obscured by brown scales on 
the fore wings from the second bar in the cell obliquely 
to below the median zigzag line on the hind margin ; 
the two marginal lines of both wings so blended that 
not much of the ground color is left. Marks as in A. 
Aphrodite. 

The under side of fore wings is reddish fulvous, the 
costa and apex light buif, the apical patch and outer 
margin brown, with the usual apical silver spots. The 
hind wings are dark red-brown, much mottled with 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



161 



Fig. 41, 




greenish gray or drab, the submarginal band pale yellow, 
usually pure from margin to margin. Silver spots the 
same as in Aphrodite. 

This species resembles A. Aphrodite, but may be 
known by its smaller size, and by its being 
more brown at the base of the wings above, 
and having a darker color on the under side of 
the hind wings. 

The early stages are almost the same as those 
of A. Oybele and Aphrodite, and the food-plants 
are violets. The pupa, or chrysalis, is repre- 
sented in outline in Fig. 41. It has been found 
in New England, New York, and Iowa. 

43. Argynnis Mytuna, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.85 inches. 

Upper surface yellowish fulvous, less than the basal 
fourth of the wing dusky brown. In the cell of the 
fore wings are the usual five bars, the second and third 
united, but not the fourth and fifth, the fourth an open 
3. Beyond the cell the usual black zigzag line ; and 
below the cell under the double bar a longitudinal dash, 
with projections towards the cell, the inner running to 
the base of the wing. Outer margin black, inside this 
a line composed of crescents, with the usual submarginal 
row of black dots, the whole more or less blended at the 
apex, so that the marginal line and the row of crescents 
form a band containing a row of fulvous spots. 

Hind wings with the margin and row of black spots 

as in the fore wings, except that they are less prominent 

anteriorly. Within the median zigzag line is another 

crossing the end of the cell, where it sends out a short 

I 14* 



162 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

spur, the cell containing two more or less distinct round 
spots. 

The under side of the fore wings is fulvous, the 
apical portion yellow, the markings on that and the 
outer margin rusty brown ; the black marks much as 
they are above ; a marginal row of silver crescents, and 
three subapical. 

The hind wings rusty brown mottled with patches 
of yellow, mostly through the middle and outer por- 
tions ; a marginal row of seven and a sub- 
Fig. 42. marginal row of eight silver spots ; between 
the two rows a row of black-brown dots. 
Inside the second row about eight more 
silver spots, one in the cell pupilled with 
black. 

The eggs are pale green, shaped some- 
Egg of Argyn- what like the frustum of a cone, and marked 
nis Mynna ' with about fourteen longitudinal ribs and 

fine transverse striae (Fig. 42). 
The young larvae are pale green, with a brownish- 
black head. Brown patches nearly cover joints 5, 7, 9, 
and 11. Black hairs arise from tubercles on all the 
joints and curve forward. In passing from the young 
to the mature larva? they moult four times. The mature 
larvae are an inch long, ashy brown mottled with velvety 
black, with six rows of fleshy spines beset with black 
bristles, those on the second segment three and a half 
times as long as the others and pointing forward. Head 
bronze-colored. 

The chrysalis is .6 of an inch long ; light brown 
streaked with darker, and armed with two rows of sharp 
conical tubercles on the back. The perfect insect flies 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. 163 

from June to July, and is found from New England to 
Montana, and in Colorado. 
It feeds on violets. 

44. Argynnis Montinus, Scud. 

Expanse of wings 1.75 inches. 

Upper surface rich reddish fulvous, much the color of* 
A. Bettona, marked with the usual zigzag line beyond 
the middle and the row of round black spots ; the sub- 
marginal row of black lunules and the black terminal 
edge somewhat suffused on the fore wings, so that there 
is but little clear fulvous between the edge and the 
lunules. The cell of the fore wings is marked with four 
marks, — three black bars almost straight, and an elon- 
gate : the latter is the second from the base, and may 
be considered as formed of two bars, making the number 
five, as in other species. Below the cell there is an open 
V, the point turned outward. The basal portion of both 
wings is suffused with black, extending out somewhat 
along the posterior and internal margins. 

The under side of the hind wings and the apical por- 
tion of the fore wings are deep cinnamon-red, the rest is 
ochraceous fulvous, the markings of the fore wings faintly 
repeated. Hind wings with the median broken line re- 
peated less distinctly than above, obsolete opposite the 
cell, and partially so between this and the costa. Costa 
black, more or less bordered within by ochre scales. In 
place of the round spots of the upper side there is a series 
of ferruginous spots, some indistinct and others with a 
few black scales. Between this and the median line is a 
broken line or shade of salmon scales, not very clear, 
and outside this the round spots are patches of ochre 



164 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

scales. Just within the outer border is a series of spots 
which are white rather than silver, the anal and the two 
next the costa rather distinct, the rest not very promi- 
nent. At tii e end of the cell is a curved black line, and 
below this are two more, each bordered on the outside with 
white or whitish. Above the cell is a straight black line, 
outside of which is a white patch. Near the base are 
three white spots with some black scales, and a black 
spot with a few white scales near the end of the cell. 
The males and females do not differ. 

Found on the lower half of the barren summits of 
the White Mountains, New Hampshire, during July and 
August. 

45. Argynnis Bellona, Fab. 

Expanse of wings about 1.6 inches. 

Upper side fulvous, the marks on the wing inside 
the terminal border similar to those of A. Myrina, but 
the dusky brown covers fully the basal fourth of the 
Avings. In the male the edges of the wings are scarcely 
black, but in the female they are distinctly so. Inside 
the terminal edging is a row of oval spots instead of 
crescents, with some suffusion between this and the edge. 

The under side of the fore wings is fulvous, with the 
apical portion rusty brown, the apex yellow, the brown 
tinged with purple. Hind wings rusty brown tinged with 
yellow in the middle and outer two fifths, and a costal 
patch washed with whitish purple, this portion containing 
two rows of dark spots. There are no silver spots. The 
yellow on the middle of the under side of the hind wings 
is in scattered scales, not gathered together enough to 
form a band or spots. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 105 

According to Professor Fernald, the eggs of this species 
are similar to those of A. Myrina in size, color, and 
markings, and it closely resembles that species in all the 
early stages. The mature larva, however, does not have 
the spines on the second segment lengthened. 

Food-plant, violets. 

Northern United States, Colorado. 

46. Euptoieta Claudia, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches. 
Upper surface fulvous, a paler band crossing both 
wrings near the middle, bordered on the inside by a zig- 

Fiq. 48. 




Euptoiota Claudia (natural size). 

zag black line similar to that in the species of Argynnis. 
From this pale space to the base the wings are somewhat 
duller fulvous and a little powdered with black scales. 
Beyond the central pale band are two transverse lines, 
with a row of round spots between them, the edge of 
the wing black ; all these lines are connected by black 
along the veins. The cell of the fore wings contains 
three black bars, the two outer united at the ends and 



16(3 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE. 

enclosing a pale space. Below the cell is a bar bent 
outward in the middle. 

Under side of fore wings fulvous to the zigzag line, 
with discal pale spot. The outer half of the wing is 
pale, with a little submarginal reddish wash below the 
apex, and a large gray triangle on the costa. A brown 
spot near the posterior angle sends a marginal streak 
towards the apex. 

The hind wings are pale brown in the basal half, 
streaked will) white along the veins, and with transverse 
stri:e of darker brown. Beyond (lie middle they are 
whitish, shading off into the same brown as the base, 
with more or less whitish along the margin, the anal 
portion of the outer half being nearly as dark as the 
base, while the costal portion is almost white. There 
are about three indistinct submarginal ocelli. 

The egg is conoidal, depressed at the top, flat at the 
base, shaped much like the eggs of Argynnis, but 
taller in proportion to the breadth, and the sides less 
rounded ; marked by about twenty longitudinal ribs, 
half of which reach the summit, forming a serrated 
vein round the depression, marked by cross-stria). 

The young larva) are cylindrical, thickest from joint 
6 to joint 9. Color greenish yellow, each joint from 
3 to 12 crossed transversely by two irregular rows of 
dark tuberculated spots or points on a pale ground, with 
a black hair from each. The second segment has a black 
stripe across the dorsum. Head black. 

The color after moulting is reddish yellow, with two 
dorsal rows and one lateral row of indistinct whitish spots, 
which cover the junction of the segments and are in line 
with the spines. There are six rows of short, fleshy, 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. 167 

tapering black spines, each beset with many short, fine 
black hairs. Collar reddish, edged with white. Alter 
the second moult the color is a shade darker and the 
white rows arc more distinct. After the third moult the 
color is a little darker, shining, spines blue-black. Head 
bilobed, brown-black in front, red behind the vertices. 
It moults four times before reaching maturity. 

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long, cylindrical. 
Color orange-ochre, smooth, striped longitudinally with 
black, which is almost concealed by the white spots 
that cover it. Two of these stripes are subdorsal, and 
another is just above the spiracles. Over the feet is a 
macular white stripe. Along the centre of the back, from 
joint 4 to joint 12, is a small white elongated spot, edged 
with black, over the centre of each joint. The spines 
are in six rows. The dorsals on joint 2 arc orange 
at base, as are also those between the anterior joints ; 
but all the rest arise from lustrous blue-black conical 
tubercles, and all the spines are blue-black thickly beset 
with fine, short black bristles. Between the anterior 
pair of dorsals is a black patch, and on the edge of the 
joint is a white spot. Head subcordate, front brown- 
black, vertices orange-red, with a patch of the same on 
the middle of the front. 

The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, of a pearl-white 
color, iridescent, marked with dark brown patches and 
points. On the abdomen there are four rows of conical 
tubercles. 

'There are two or three broods during a season, the 
last one probably hibernating in the larval state. It 
feeds on violet, passion-Mower, mandrake, Scdiim, Des- 
modinm } and Portulacea. 



168 



THE BUTTERFIJES OF THE 



New York to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley, 
Colorado, Arizona, California ; and occasional in New 
Hampshire. 

47. MELiTiEA Phaeton, Drury. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 
Upper sur&ce black, spotted with fulvous and pale 
yellow. The fulvous spots are a marginal row on both 
wings and in the discal cells. The marginal spots are 

nearly round on the 
fore wings, but on 
the hind wings they 
are blunt conical, 
the points inward. 
Those in the cells 
of the fore wings 
are two cl listers, 



Fig. 44. 




Mclitsea Phaeton (natural size). 



one of three at the 
end, and the other 
of two in the middle ; and there is a cluster of four 
on the hind wings. There may be all of these present, 
or they may vary from this to none. There are also two 
or three more or less distinct spots on the costa of the 
hind wings. The yellow spots are two submarginal rows 
on both wings, the outer a series of crescents, the inner 
round ; two half rows beyond the cell of the fore wings, 
and two or three spots in the cells. A pail of these may 
be absent. 

The under side is black, with the marginal row of 
orange or fulvous spots, two large spots in the cell of 
the fore wings, and six spots of the same in the basal 
half of the hind wings, arranged in two irregular rows. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. \§§ 

Between these, or inside the marginal orange spots, are 
four rows of pale yellow spots. 

Body black, a row of yellow spots on the side; palpi, 
club of antenna?, legs, and a broken stripe beneath on 
each side, orange. 

The egg is obovate, truncated, rounded at base, flat or 
slightly depressed at the summit. The upper third is 
marked with from twelve to eighteen vertical 
ridges which gradually fade out below. Color Ftg - 45 - 
lemon-yellow when first deposited, but changing 
in a few days to dull crimson, and finally, just 
before hatching, to black, this period being from Egs of M * 

& ' ' l & Phaeton, >< 

nineteen to twenty days. 10. 

The young larva is cylindrical, translucent, 
yellowish, a row of brown tubercles to each joint, from 
each of which arises a pencil of hairs. 

The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.3 inches long, 
cylindrical, the joints at the ends the smallest, the dorsum 
and sides armed with 

seven rows of long, Fro- 46. 

tapering, fleshy spines, *#|^|-#l;f §€g, 

each of which springs #, ■ '■-; ' ~t'J' ^<&k 

from a round, shining, 
blue-black tubercle, the 

,ii n i • • , M. Phaeton, larva. 

tubercles ot each joint 

nearly meeting. Each spine bristles with stout black 
hairs, giving the larva the appearance shown in Fig. 46. 
There is also another row of similar but much smaller 
..pines below the stigmata ; in this roAV joint 4 has no 
spine, joints 5 to 10 each have two in line, joint 11 has 
one, and joint 12 has a tubercle without a spine. On 
the under side of the body, on joints 5 and 6, in line 
h 15 




170 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

with the legs, is a single small tubercle with a short 
branching spine. Joints 2 and 3, part 
Flq. 47. of joint 4, and the last two or three 

joints are black ; the others are deep 
reddish fulvous striped transversely with 
black. 

The chrysalis (Fig. 47) is shaped 
much as in Argymiis, the abdomen and 
thorax furnished with several rows of 
tubercles. Color white, marked and 
spotted with brownish black, the tuber- 

M. Phaeton, pupa. cleS Orange. 

(enlarged). The food-plants are Chelone glabra, 

Lonicera ciliata, and Viburnum dentatum. 
United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 

48. Melit^a Hakrisii, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 

Upper surface of wings fulvous, the basal half and 
terminal border black, with five fulvous spots in the 
cell of the fore wings, two more below the cell, and 
three in the cell of the hind wings. The base is not 
wholly black, but is sprinkled with fulvous scales. The 
border of the fore wings is broadest at the apex, where 
it contains two pale dots ; below this it extends inward 
along the veins. Towards the anal angle it is more 
broken up, so as to present a black edge and two in- 
distinct lines. 

On the under side the wings are fulvous, with a large 
black subapical patch, which sends backward a subter- 
minal band, with two rows of white spots extending 
more or less through it. There are four black bars in 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. ^\ 

the cell and one beyond, and a white costal patch. Hind 
wings fulvous, with a median pale yellow band trav- 
ersed by two black lines near the edges, so as to be three 
nearly complete bands. Inside this band are six spots of 
the same color, — two in the cell, three above, and one be- 
low. Beyond the median band is a subterminal row of 
crescents, with a row of black pupilled spots between the 
band and the crescents ; all the light spots edged with 
black. Fringes white, black at the ends of the veins. 

The eggs are lemon-yellow, in shape the frustum of~ 
a cone, with fifteen or sixteen longitudinal ribs which are 
elevated above the surface more in the middle than at 
either extremity. 

The young larva is cylindrical, yellow-green, some- 
what pilose ; head obovoid, bilobed, the vertices rounded, 
dark brown. 

After the first moult the larva is armed with seven 
rows of short black spines, tapering, and thickly set with 
short black bristles. Color yellow-brown. Very little 
change takes place after the second moult, save that the 
color is ochre-yellow, with five transverse black stripes 
on each segment. After the fourth moult iJie color is 
red or orange ochraceous, striped as before, three to a 
segment. In coming to maturity it moults five times. 

The mature larva is of a deep red fulvous color, crossed 
by bKck stripes, one before and two after each transverse 
row of spines, and with a dorsa! black 
stripe. The last two joints are nearly FlG * 48 * 

all black, and on joints 9 to 11 the 
fulvous bands are spotted. The spines 
are in seven principal rows, with a row 
of smaller ones just above the feet. The spines are long, 




THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

bl&ck, each thickly set with long, divergent 
black hairs. 

The chrysalis (Fig. 49) is cylindrical, but 
with a small depression on the back of the 
thorax, abdomen with several rows of sub- 
conic tubercles. Color pure white, marked 
and spotted with black, or brown-black and 
orange. 

The food-plants are Aster and Diplopappm 
umbellatus, and the imago is to be seen in 
June. 
New England, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Il- 
linois. 

49. Phyciodes Nycteis, Doub. — Hew. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 
Upper surface fulvous, a broad black terminal border, 
on the fore wings broadest at the apex, enclosing a sub- 
terminal row of fulvous 
Fia. 50. spots, more distinct in the 

female than in the male. 
At the end of the cell is 
a broad black patch con- 
nected by a line with a 
smaller one on the sub- 
median vein (see Fig. 50). 
In the cell and below 
it several indistinct black 
marks, the base black, this extending outward along the 
costa and hind margin to the black patches. 

The hind wings have the basal half marked the same 
as the fore wir^s, though sometimes more suffused. 




Phyciodes Nycteis, maio (intural size) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 173 

There is a broad terminal border almost meeting the 
basal black on the costa, and sending a shade across the 
wing through the fulvous space, also a subterminal row 
of black spots, some of which are pupilled. 

Under side of fore wings pale fulvous, with three or 
four not very prominent bars in the cell, a somewhat 
triangular patch beyond, and a terminal brown-black 
border with the subterminal row of spots, three apical 
silver-white lunules, and two more marginal near the 
middle, the lunules resting on a terminal yellow line 
edged within with brown. 

The hind wings are dark brown broken by pale yellow, 
especially in the basal portion, where it is the principal 
color. A row of large silvery white spots crosses the 
wing near the base, and a similar band crosses the middle 
of the wing, broken by brown veins and edged on the 
outside by a crenate brown line, and a marking of pale 
yellow beyond. The subterminal row of round black 
spots is reproduced, part pupilled with Avhite. There is 
the terminal yellow line the same as on the fore wings, 
with a row of silver- white lunules, the middle and two 
apical much the largest. 

The eggs are deposited in clusters of about a hundred 
on the under side of the food-plant. They are whitish 
green, somewhat in the form of a truncated cone, the 
lower third of the outside smooth, the middle part 
marked with hexagonal cells, and the top by longitudinal 
ribs. They hatch in from nine to thirteen days. 

The young larva is .06 of an inch long, with a dark 
brown head, and a yellowish green body clouded with 
brown, with scattered black hairs. After the first moult 
it is smoky brown, and, like Melitsea, armed with seven 

15* 



174 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

rows of stout, fleshy, tapering black spines, and a minute 
row over the feet. After three or four days it moults a 
second time, when the color is black-brown, and this color 
remains through the next stage, with sometimes a broken 
yellow stripe along the side. To come to maturity it 
moults four times. 

The mature larva is an inch in length, blackish brown 
above and greenish brown beneath. Head black, cordate, 
the sides high and rounded, and clothed with numerous 
black hairs arising from black papillae. The spines 
long, black, tapering, armed with short black hairs, each 
springing from a shining black tubercle, except those of 
the lowest row, which stand upon greenish or yellowish 
tubercles. A black band runs along the base, with a 
yellow stripe in the line of the lower lateral spines, and 
a broken yellow stigmatal stripe. In some cases this is 
ochre or reddish yellow. The back and sides are much 
dotted with white. 

The chrysalis is similar in shape to M. Phaeton, with 
five rows of conical tubercles on the abdomen. The 
color varies extremely : some are wholly greenish yellow, 
others pink-brown, others gray-brown ; with usually but 
few dark markings. 

The food-plants are Diplopappus umbellatus, Aster ; 
Adinomeris, and sunflowers. 

Maine to North Carolina and west, Mississippi Valley. 

50. Phyciodes Carlota, Reak. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface much as in P. Nycieis, except that 
most of the wing is black, there being some fulvous spots 
near the base of the fore wings, a fulvous band through 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 175 

the middle crossed by the black veins, a subterminal row 
of whitish dots in the broad black terminal border, and 
a white lunule in the middle of the border near the edge 
of the wing. In the female there are traces of other 
white lunules just within the margin. The hind wings 
are similarly marked, except that there is a row of black 
submarginal spots circled with fulvous, and the lunules 
are faint in the males. 

Under side of fore wings fulvous, marked about the 
same as in P. Nycteis, except that there is more black 
through the middle. The terminal border is as above, 
save the terminal lunules. Between median venules one 
and two there is a large conical whitish spot, the base on 
the double terminal line ; this double line running in 
zigzag to the apex, the inner points silvered more broadly 
towards the apex, and the inner point sending a white ray 
to the margin. The same is repeated towards the pos- 
terior angle, but with less silver. 

The hind wings dark brown washed with whitish, 
more towards the base, only two yellowish spots in the 
cell. Near the base is a broken silvery band, and through 
the middle a silver band crossed by the brown veins, 
the outer margin dentate. The submarginal row of black 
spots as above, only they are pupil led with white and not 
circled with fulvous. The margin is similar to that of 
the fore wings, save that the large spot is silvery instead 
of whitish. 

Southern and Western States, Kocky Mountains, Mon- 
tana to Arizona ; occasional in West Virginia. 



J76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

51. Phyciodes Phaon, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.4 inches. 

Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, the base, costa, 
hind margin, outer margin, and a band through the 
middle black. The basal half of wing contains several 
irregular black marks, and the median black band is 
expanded on the costa and hind margin. Beyond the 
median band there are two light bands crossed by the 
black veins and separated by a black shade which expands 
into a triangle on the costa and hind margin. The first 
light band is pale fulvous, almost buff; the second is the 
same fulvous as the ground color, and contains a black 
dot near the posterior angle. The outer edge brownish 
black, with a pale lunule in the middle of the border. 

Hind wings similar to the fore wings, only the inner 
margin is fulvous, the median black band is narrower, 
both light bands are fulvous, and the outer contains a 
row of black dots. In most specimens there are only 
a few narrow whitish lunules near the anal angle, but 
sometimes these continue to the apex. 

The under side of fore wings is orange fulvous, the 
basal half marked with a darker shade, the median 
black band as above, and also the two light bands, only 
the inner is more whitish and the shade separating them 
is obliterate except the triangles. Terminal border black, 
pale at the edge, with a crenate black line near the edge, 
and a pale yellow patch in the middle, and one at each 
end. 

There are two forms of this having the under side of 
hind wings differently colored. The winter form is pale 
buff washed with umber-brown, the basal half with more 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. J 77 

or less complete bands of pale spots edged with brown • 
the row of black spots the same as above ; a submarginal 
row of lunuies, the middle large, silvery, the others more 
or less obscure. The summer form is pale buff ; with 
irregular transverse brown lines, the brown dots smaller, 
a terminal brown border accompanying the submarginal 
row of lunules and partly obscuring three of them, a 
small brown patch on the costa and sometimes a little in 
the centre. 

Gulf States, Texas; occasional in Kansas. 

52. Phyciodes Tharos, Brury. 

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.5 inches. 

There are two dimorphic forms of this species, the 
winter form, Mar da, and the summer form, Morpheus. 
It was supposed that these two forms were distinct species 
till Mr. W. H. Edwards proved by rearing them that 
they are seasonal forms of one species, the difference in 
coloration being due to the effects of cold while hiber- 
nating. Besides these two well-marked forms there are 
several minor variations, only one of which is named. 

Winter form, Marcia, Edw. — This has the upper 
surface reddish fulvous marked with black. There are 
two rows of more or less distinct coalescing circles near 
the base of the wing, the first of two circles, the second 
of four, and an ellipsoid at the end of the cell ; a patch 
of black beyond the cell on the costa and one on the 
hind margin, sometimes the two being connected by a 
dentate line. The outer border is broad, black, and 
tli rough it runs a crenated line with a yellowish or ful- 
vous lunule in the middle, in some examples distinct, in 
others connected with the central color ; a black dot near 



178 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the posterior angle. Hind wings very much as in P. 
Phaon. 

The under side of fore wings is yellowish fulvous, 
with yellow spots and four black patches, — two on the 
costa before the apex, one at the posterior angle, and one 
on the hind margin ; the outer margin with the lunules 
as in P. Phaon, only yellow. 

The hind wings resemble closely those of the winter 
form of Phaon, the yellow perhaps a little deeper. The 
terminal, costal, and middle brown patches are present in 
some examples, the wing being well suffused with brown. 

Summer form, Morpheus, Fab. — This is scarcely dis- 
tinguishable from Marcia on the upper side, though the 
black is more inclined to be in lines. The under side 
of fore wings like Marcia. Under side of hind wings 
yellow-buff, the brown patches on the costa and in the 
cell absent, though in some specimens there is a slight 
discoloration at the end of the cell. In some females a 
slight costal patch is present. 

Aberr. Packardii, Saund. — This differs from the 
usual forms in the wings being brown above, with a 
cupreous tinge and sprinkled with fulvous atoms. The 
fulvous is in bands : first a macular band near the base 
of the fore wings, not quite reaching either margin ; a 
patch across the outer part of the cell ; and a wide band 
beyond the cell, crossed by black veins, narrow on the 
costal end. On the hind wings a large fulvous patch 
covers about the inner half, containing several roundish 
black spots ; beyond this is a macular band of fulvous 
between two broad brown bands. Under side pale. 

The eggs are deposited in clusters of two hundred 01 
more on different species of Aster, both wild and culti- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 179 

vated. They are pale green, conoidal, depressed at the 
top and rounded at the base. The lower half is indented 
like the surface of a thimble, the upper half has about 
fifteen ribs. They hatch in from four to seven days. 

The young larva is yellowish green clouded with 
brown, with a dark brown head. It is covered with 
scattered black hairs. 

After the first moult the larva is armed with seven 
rows of short, fleshy, brown spines, each thickly set with 
short concolored bristles; also at the base of body a 
row of small spines. Body striped longitudinally with 
light and dark brown and sordid white. Head subcor- 
date, the vertices rounded; two gray bands, the rest 
black. There are but few changes after the second and 
third moults. 

The mature larva is .85 of an inch long, with a cor- 
date, shining, bronze-colored head, having two oblique 
white stripes on each side and a spot of the same color 
above the mouth. The body is dark brown dotted with 
yellow, and has seven rows of tapering fleshy spines 
armed with blackish bristles. 

The first brood passes four moults before reaching 
maturity, when it changes to a chrysalis, from which the 
imago emerges in from seven to thirty days. The larvae 
of the second brood pass three moults, when they become 
lethargic and hibernate. In the spring they revive, go 
to feeding, and moult twice more before reaching ma- 
turity, the chrysalides from these producing the butterflies 
in from one to two weeks. 

The chrysalis is about half an inch long, cylindrical, 
with a deep depression back of the mesonotum, and 
several rows of fine tubercles on the abdomen. The 



■■ 



180 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

color varies much, being light cinereous covered with fine 
abbreviated brown streaks ; or cinereous on dorsum, the 
abdomen and wing-cases tinted with yellow-brown ; or 
dull white clouded with brown ; or wholly dark brown 
speckled with gray. 

The butterflies are to be seen from May through the 
season. 

United States generally, except the Pacific States. 

53. Phyciodes Batesii, Peak. 

Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.63 inches. 

Male. — Fore wings black, two transverse maculate ful- 
vous bands beyond the cell, the inner pale, arising nearly 
at the costa and converging to the hind margin. The 
cell contains three or four abbreviated bars, none of them 
extending below the median vein. The basal half of 
the area below this vein is deep black, rarely containing 
a narrow fulvous streak ; a spot of fulvous in the middle 
of the outer margin. 

Hind wings black, the two fulvous bands of the fore 
wings continued nearly to the inner margin, much wider 
than on the fore wings, the separating line very much 
attenuated in the middle. The outer band contains a 
series of rounded black spots between the venules, and 
beyond these an indistinct row of connected lunules. 
There are two fulvous spots within the cell, preceding 
the first transverse band, the inner semicircled by the 
outer. Fringes white or whitish, more or less cut with 
black at the ends of the veins. 

Under side of fore wings fulvous ; a large triangular 
black patch upon the middle of the hind margin is con- 
nected at its apex with an irregular, dilating bar running 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 181 

thence to the costa ; a short bar between this and the 
apex. Three connected black lunules, the central much 
the widest, run from beyond the middle of the hind 
margin to the third median venule. In some this line 
is prolonged by the addition of one or two more very 
delicate crescents. 

Hind wings ochrey yellow, with indistinct pale fulvous 
lines near the base, and a row of rounded dots followed 
by pale lunules of the same color near the outer margin ; 
rarely one of the last is bright ferruginous. 

Female. — Similar to the male on the upper surface, 
the inner band of the fore wings paler than in the male. 
On the under side the reticulations are plainer. 

West Virginia, Maryland, New York to Ohio. 

54. Eresia Frisia, Poey. 

Expanse of wings 1.4 inches. 

Upper surface reddish fulvous, the base dusky. Across 
the inner third are four more or less distinct sinuous 
black lines, which are fine and nearly distinct on the hind 
wings, but are heavier and more blended on the fore 
wings, and in places connected by cross-lines. .Beyond 
the basal third the fore wings are crossed by three black 
bands and a terminal border, the first and second united 
into a broad band at the end of the cell, reaching from the 
median vein to the costa, with a fulvous spot at the end of 
the cell just within the edge of the band, the two bands 
approaching each other near the submedian ; the third 
band expanded from the costa back to the fifth subcostal 
venule, from which it gradually contracts across two 
interspaces, expanding abruptly at this point, where it 
unites with the second band, to separate again below the 

16 



182 PKE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

second branch of the median, from which it continues 
without much variation to the hind margin. The spaces 
between these bands are paler fulvous than the base 
and the hind wings, the subterminal being whitish. The 
first and second of these bands of black are continued 
across the hind wings in black shades hardly positively 
enough marked to be called lines. The broad terminal 
border of the hind wings contains a series of connected 
whitish lunules. 

The under side has a little more than the basal half 
of the fore wings fulvous, with four or five large whitish 
spots ; the terminal portion dark brown, with the border 
whitish and two large whitish patches. The hind wings 
are marked much like a Phyciodes, an oblong brown 
shading from the base along the middle of the wing to 
the centre ; a whitish band marks the outer third, a sub- 
terminal row of whitish lunules, before which is a series 
of brown sagittate spots. 

This resembles to some extent some of the forms of 
Phyciodes Tharos, but the difference may be seen by com- 
paring the descriptions. 

Found at Key West, Florida, and Cuba. 

55. Grapta Interrogations, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 2.3 to 2.75 inches. 

This is a dimorphic species, the hibernating form being 
known as form Fabrieii, the other as Umbrosa. There 
are about four broods in a season ; and while the last 
brood or hibernating butterflies are the pale forms, the 
others are more or less mixed, as Mr. Edwards has shown. 

Dimorphic form, Fabricii, Edw. — This has the upper 
side fulvous, marked with ferruginous brown and spotted 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. 183 

with black. The fore wings have two black spots in the 
cell, one round, the other a short bar, and a wide bar at 
the end, broadest at the costa ; and a row of four spots 
from the hind margin to beyond the cell, all but the 
last round. Outer border ferruginous brown, with a 
subapical bar of the same. 

Hind wings with four more or less distinct median 
black spots, and a broad ferruginous brown border en- 
closing a submarginal row of fulvous spots. Edges of 
both wings whitish purple. 

The costa is rather falcate, the apex truncate, and the 
hind wings have a short tail. 

Under side clouded in shades of brown, in some ex- 
amples partly suffused with purple, without the striking 
diversity of color found on Umbrosa, the common row 
of black points more or less obsolete, costal edge of fore 
wings near the base clouded with small yellow spots, 
with some yellow color below. Discal silvery or golden 
mark on the hind wing an interrupted C. 

Dimorphic form, Umbrosa, Lintn. — This has the 
fore wings as in Fabricii, but with less purple edging. 
The hind wings have the outer two thirds overlaid 
with black, in some examples quite intense, the tail 
purple. 

The under side is variegated with ferruginous brown, 
olivaceous, and more or less purple. The basal third is 
limited by an irregular ferruginous, partly olivaceous 
band, within which the ground color is yellow-brown 
streaked with ferruginous. Beyond this band the fore 
wings have a narrow belt of yellow-brown, and beyond 
this the colors are brown and olivaceous. There is a 
lilac patch near the posterior angle, and another sub- 



184 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

apical. The costal margin of the hind wings is oliva- 
ceous, with a median band similar to that of the fore 
wings; the inner margin and tail portion of the outer 
margin lilac. Crossing both wings is a row of black 
points, those on the hind wings within a brown ferru- 
ginous band. 

The female differs from the above in having the under 
side more of a broavn suffused with blue-gray. 

The eggs are pale green, conoidal in form, with the 
base flattened. The sides are rounded, and marked by 
eight or nine ribs, which are low near the base, but higher 
above, terminating abruptly around a small flat space at 
the top. 

The young larva3 are whitish yellow, somewhat marked 
with brown, head shining black. After the first moult 
their color is black more or less specked with white, and 
they begin to be clothed with short spines, all black except 
those on the eighth and tenth segments, which are whitish. 
After the second moult they begin to assume the type 
they retain to maturity. The spines are in seven rows, 
fleshy at base, slender and many-branching at extremity; 
the dorsal and first lateral on joint 3 are black, on joints 
2, 4, and 11 russet, the rest yellow ; the second laterals 
black throughout, the lowest row greenish ; head bilobed, 
black, with short black spines at vertices. After the third 
moult the larva? vary greatly both in color of body and 
spines. Some are black finely specked with yellowish ; 
others are yellow-brown specked with yellow tubercles ; 
others gray-brown, with indistinct reddish lines between 
the spines on the dorsal and two lateral rows, and much 
tuberculated ; others are black, with fulvous stripes and 
profusely covered with yellowish tuberculated spots and 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



J 85 



Fig. 51. 




points. The spines vary from black to fulvous and 
green and yellow. After the fourth moult 
the larva feeds four or five days and changes 
to a chrysalis. 

The chrysalis (Fig. 51) is an inch long, 
variable in color from light yellowish to 
dark brown ; the head deeply notched, a 
thin prominence on the thorax, and eight 
silvery spots on the back. 

The food-plants are hop, elm, nettle, false 
nettle, and basswood. 

United States generally, except the Pacific 
States; Arizona. 

56. Grapta Comma, Harris. 

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface fulvous, the outer border black, with a 
little edging of lilac. The fore wings have a subapical 
patch of brown, and another at the posterior angle, each 
enclosing a fulvous spot. Like G. Inter rogationis, this 
species has two spots in the cell and a bar at the end, 
but there are only three round spots between the cell and 
the posterior angle, the lowest supplemented by a shade 
above it. 

Hind wings with ferruginous brown next the border, 
shading out towards the middle, with a series of pale 
fulvous spots next the border, and an irregular row of 
black spots across the middle. 

The under side is marbled with light and dark brown, 
and washed with olive, and in the males with more or 
less of pink. Across the middle the shades are darker, 
clearly defined externally, beyond which it is washed with 

16* 



]8(5 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

pink. The hind wings have a discal silvery C. Both 
wings have the submarginal row of dots in a more or 
less distinct band of olive and ferruginous brown. In 
the female these shades are not so distinct, with less 
pink, in some specimens the whole surface being washed 
somewhat with blue-gray. 

This is a dimorphic species, the last brood of the 
summer, or the one that hibernates, being known as the 
winter form, Harrisii, Edw., from which the above 
description is taken. The summer forms are called 
Dry as, Edw., and differ from the others in having the 
hind wings above suffused with black, as in Umbrosa of 
the preceding species, and the under side more suffused 
with brown. 

This species feeds on the same plants as G. Interroga- 
tionis. 

The eggs are green, and similar in form to those of 
that species, with ten longitudinal ribs and cross-striae 
between them. 

The young larvse are one-tenth of an inch long, 
black, covered with short hairs. After the first moult 
the color is either brown-black or black, with whitish 
lines at the junctures of the segments; armed with seven 
rows of branching spines, stout, black, and beset with 
short bristles. In the black examples all the tubercles 
are black; in the specimens with white lines, on seg- 
ments 4, 6, 8, and 10 the spines spring from whitish tu- 
bercles. Besides these there is a row of minute spines 
over the feet. Head dark brown. After the second 
moult the color is dark olive-brown, or black-brown, or 
reddish brown, two or three fine white transverse lines 
to each joint, and two white bars on the back. After the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 187 

next moult the color is black, with the stripes the same, 
and a yellow substigmatal band. 

The mature larvse are from an inch to an inch and 
a quarter long, and quite variable in color. Some are 
black, with yellow bases to the spines, others are nearly 
white, with red spots along the sides, while still others 
have a reddish or vinous tint instead of black. 

The chrysalis is about four-fifths of an inch long, of 
various shades of gray or brown, with golden protu- 
berances on the abdomen, and a flattened prominence 
on the head. 

Eastern, Middle, and Northwestern States; North 
Carolina, Tennessee, Kansas to Texas. 

57. Gkapta Fauntjs, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 

Upper surface fulvous. Next the apex of the fore 
wings, the base of both wings, and the inner margin of 
hind wings dusky. The fore wings have a broad black 
outer border, dentate at the apex, and bordered within 
by a series of subobsolete tawny lunules. The markings 
on the wings are much as in G. Comma, but are heavier 
and more black and less brown. 

Under side of both wings dark brown on the base, 
with an irregular common blackish band across the 
middle darkest on its outer edge and within the ab- 
dominal margin, where its outline is obliquely serrated. 
Beyond this band the color is pale brown mottled with 
grayish white, which is clearest on the fore wings. The 
whole surface is clouded with vinous, and more or less 
crossed by fine abbreviated streaks of brown. Apex of 
fore wings yellow-brown, with three small lanceolate 



188 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

ferruginous spots, the lower enclosing a blue or green 
point. The outer margin of both wings, below these, is 
bordered by a series of confluent blue-black — sometimes 
olive-green — spots following the outline of the wing. 
Within these is another series of rounded spots of the 
same color. On the disk of hind wings is a white G 
varying in form. 

The mature larva is one inch and a quarter long ; head 
black, furnished with two branching horns and a few 
scattered white hairs. Upper side of joints 2 to 6 brick- 
red striped transversely with blue, yellow, and black, a 
few white hairs on joint 2. There are four branching 
yellow spines, with black tips, on joints 3 and 4, and six 
on joints 5 and 6. Joints 7 to 12 are white, with a 
faintly-marked black stripe along the back, each joint 
with three transverse yellow bands and two oblique black 
spots. These joints have each seven spines, all white ex- 
cept the one next the lowest, which is brown. Last two 
joints black, with seven and four spines respectively. Sides 
red, with two black bands, the lowest spotted with blue. 
The chrysalis (Fig. 52) is grayish brown. Head 
with two bi forked horns, the outer point very short; 
thorax with an elevated keel-like ridge on top, 
with a small tubercle on each side. At the 
base, below this, there is a larger tubercle, and 
behind it another keel-like protuberance, hol- 
lowed on top ; there are six raised silver orna- 
ments on the dorsal surface, the first resembling 
in shape a capital G ; the second is an oblong 
spot, and the third is a sharply-pointed tuber- 
cle. The abdominal segments are furnished 
with eight rows of tubercles ; on each side are five 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. 189 

brown spots, and below the spiracles there is a brown 
stripe. 

The food-plants are gooseberry, currant, willow, and 
birch. 

Mountains of New England and New York, Michigan, 
Nebraska, Washington Territory ; occasional from West 
Virginia to Georgia. 

58. Grapta Gracilis, Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches. 

Upper surface fulvous, darker at the base and fading- 
out paler in the outer half, the fulvous brown border 
of the fore wings replaced on the hind wings by yellowish 
edged internally by ferruginous brown. Next this border 
is a series of elongate yellow lunules, confluent on the 
hind wings, where they are supplemented internally by 
a rusty brown shade. On the fore wings there is the 
usual subapical brown patch, also one at the posterior 
angle, usually connected with a shade of the same. In 
the middle area of the fore wings are the usual five 
dots and bar of black, and three black spots on the hind 
wings. 

The color of the greater part of the under side is 
olivaceous yellow, with the usual vinous brown shade 
through the middle, sharply defined outwardly, beyond 
which the wing is paler. There are three elongate 
patches of this color, edged with darker, in the cell of 
the fore wings, and the base of both wings is marked 
with the same. The whole wing is marbled with fine 
abbreviated streaks of either brown or a darker shade 
of the ground color. There is the usual submarginal 
row of points in an olivaceous band, the three subapical 



JUQ THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

preceded by white shading. Next the margin, along 
the middle of both wings, is a series of elongate lunules, 
dark olive or greenish, the posterior and anal angles 
washed with white. There is also the usual discal G to 
the hind wings. 

This is found in the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire. 

59. Grapta Progne, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2 inches. 
Upper surface brig] it fulvous, a little paler near the 
extremities. The border to the fore wings is black or 

Fig. 53. 




Grapta Progne, — right wing the under surface. 

blackish brown, brown at the apex, with the yellow 
lunules and subapical and posterior patches as in G. 
Gracilis, as also the black spou in the central area, as 
shown in Fig. 53. The outer hai-i uf the hind wings 
blackish, shading with the fulvous ; the yellow lunules 
of Gracilis showing more or less as points, with the 
black central spots more or less distinct. 

Under side grayish brown, closely streaked with fine 
abbreviated lines of dark brown, with the usual median 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 191 

dark brown shade. Beyond this on the fore wings the 
ground color is pale gray, whitish near the costa, with 
the usual row of points. Just within the edge is a row 
of confluent crescents, greenish edged with black within. 
Discal G slender and somewhat abbreviated. 

The egg is conical, the base rounded ; marked by eight 
or nine vertical ribs, which gradually increase in promi- 
nence from the base upward and are crossed by many 
transverse striae. 

The young larva is at first dull green, the last joint 
with a brownish tint, but later it becomes dull white and 
brown, with the usual black tubercles and black cervical 
spot. After the first moult the color is greenish brown, 
with seven rows of large branching spines. All are 
black, but they arise from light yellow tubercles, and are 
yellow about half-way up; on joints 12 and 13 they are 
almost wholly yellow. Head bilobed, black. After the 
second moult the color is at first yellow, but in twelve 
hours changes to brown with white cross-lines. After the 
third moult it is glossy black from joints 3 to 11, crossed 
on the posterior half of most of the joints by three white 
lines, with white or gray oblique stripes on the ridges on 
which the spines stand from joints 5 to 11. 

The mature larva is from 1 to 1.2 inches long, of a 
buff color, the cross-stripes on the posterior parts of the 
joints black and pale buff. In front of each dorsal 
spine is a V-shaped reddish bar with the spine within 
the angle, and an oblique bar of the same color in front 
of each of the laterals, from its base, directed forward 
and downward. The second laterals stand on a straight 
or slightly-arched bar of the same color. The spines on 
joints 3, 4, and 5 are the largest. The dorsals are whi . ., 



192 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

yellow at the bottom, — the yellow being reddish or honey - 
yellow, — and arise from yellow tubercles. The first laterals 
are white from joints 5 to 11, but those on joints 3, 4, 
and 12 are black, with buff branches. The second laterals 
are black, with yellow bases and tubercles. The spines 
on joint 2 are yellow. Head subcordate, on each vertex 
a large compound spinous process, the body black, thp 
branches partly black and partly yellow. 

The chrysalis is similar to that of the other species, 
and is .7 of an inch long, with several rows of tubercles 
on the abdomen. Colors dull green, brown, and pinkish 
white. There is much variation in color of both larvse 
and pupa). 

The food-plants are gooseberries and currants, and 
there are two broods in a season, the last brood of 
butterflies hibernating. 

Northern and Western States. 

60. Grapta J Album, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings 2.75 inches. 

Upper surface dull yellowish, dusky at base, washed 
more or less with rusty brown, especially on the basal 
half. Outer border of fore wings dull black, with a 
double crenate line, and two more or less obscured large 
costal bars, — one at the end of the cell, and the other 
between the cell and a white subapical patch; a black 
spot in the cell, with three black spots below the cell, the 
one nearest the base of the wing quite large. 

The hind wings have a black and brown border a 
little within the margin, the yellow outside sprinkled 
with brown atoms ; a large black space below the costa. 
beyond which is a whitish patch. 



EASTERN UMTED STATES. 193 

Under side grayish brown, the usual darker baud 
across the middle, which on the hind wings is but little 
darker than the base ; beyond this greenish white, the 
whole surface finely reticulated with brown lines. There 
are the usual three elongate patches edged witli dark- 
brown in the cell of the fore wings, the submarginal 
row of ashy-blue lunules edged with dark, and the row 
of points between these and the median band. The 
lunules do not reach the apex of the fore wings. 

The mature larva is two inches long, head witli black 
markings on the sides, thickly set with little points 
and with short spines ; somewhat cordate, the vertices 
surmounted by two shining black, thick spines, verticel- 
lated near the tip. The dorsal and subdorsal rows of 
spines shining black except at the base, which is reddish, 
with long branches, those of the anterior joints more 
thickly branched than the others. The super- and sub- 
stigmatal rows reddish tipped with black. 

The chrysalis is one inch long, of a beautiful green 
color, delicately reticulated, with six golden spots on the 
back. The spines and projections are similar to those 
in G. Comma. 

The food-plant is not known, but Professor Fernald's 
surmise is that it may be willow. The butterfly hiber- 
nates, the new brood appearing about the middle of 
August. 

Northern States to Wisconsin. 

61. Vanessa Antiopa, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3.5 inches. 
Upper surface rich dark maroon-brown, the border 
yellow sprinkled with brown, and preceded by a black 
1 n 17 



194 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

band containing a row of bine spots. The costa is 
mottled with yellow and contains two yellow patches. 

Under surface traversed by numerous fine black ab- 
breviated lines, the outer margin pale buff sprinkled 
with brown, and preceded by a series of confluent gray, 
blue-black-edged lunnles. 

Aberrant form, Lintnerii, Fitch. — This form differs 
from the one usually seen in having the outer pale bor- 
der twice as wide as in the typical Antiopa, occupying 
one-third the length of the wing, and in being wholly 
destitute of the blue spots. The general color is more 
reddish ; the costal margin is black, with small whitish 
transverse streaks, but destitute of the two patches. 

Another form has " the broad outer border of a tar- 
nished pale ochre-yellow hue, speckled with black the 
same as Antiopa, and becomes quite narrow at the anal 
angle. The wings beneath are similar to those of Antiopa, 
but are darker and without any sprinkling of ash-gray 
scales or any whitish crescent in the middle of 
■ the hind pair, and the border is sprinkled with 
gray whitish in wavy streaks, without forming 
the distinct band which is seen in Antiopa" 
This is Mr. Bunker's description, stripped of 
a few superfluous words, of a specimen taken 
near Rochester, New York. 

The female deposits the eggs in a cluster 
round the twigs of willow, elm, or poplar 
near the petiole of a young leaf, upon which 
the young larva3 may feed. The mature larvae 
are two inches long, black, minutely dotted 
with white, which gives them a grayish look ; with a 
dorsal row of brick-red spots. Head black, roughened 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



195 



with small black tubercles. The spines on the body are 
black, rather long, slightly branching. There are four 
on joints 2 and 3, six on joints 4 and 5, and seven each 
on joints 6 to 12. The last joint has two pairs of short 
spines, one behind the other. 

The chrysalis is dark brown or gray, with two rows 
of spines along the back of the abdomen, two on the head 
in front, three on the edge of the wing-covers on each side, 
and a thin prominence on the middle of the thorax. 

This species hibernates in the butterfly state, and the 
first brood of caterpillars may be seen in June. The 
second brood of caterpillars appears in August. 

North America generally. 

62. Vanessa Milbertii, Godt. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 2.25 inches. 

Upper surface brownish black, with a broad fulvous 
band between the middle and the outer margin, paler on 
its inner edge. One example from Colorado has fully half 
the band pale buff. On the fore wings the pale band 
contains a black patch on the costa, with a white spot on 
one or both sides. There are two fulvous spots in the 
cell. The border is composed of two parts, the inner 
black, the outer a black -brown crenate line, on each side 
of which it is a little paler. The black on the hind wings 
supports a row of violet lunules. 

Under side dark brown, with the usual wavy lines and 
spots ; the outer half yellowish brown, differing in shade 
on different specimens, with a submarginal row of gray- 
blue lunules which are black-edged. 

The mature larva is a little more than an inch long-, 
with a black head sprinkled with minute whitish dots, 



196 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

from which spring pale hairs. The body is nearly black 
above, with small white dots and pale hairs, which give 
it a grayish color. The spines are arranged as in V. 
Antiopa, and are black and branching. It has a greenish- 
yellow lateral line, above which is a broken line of 
brighter orange-yellow shade. 

The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, slightly angular; 
the frontal beaks short, conical ; thoracic projection 
forming nearly a right angle; dorsal spines but little 
elevated, — the superior one exceeding very little the 
others in size; wing-cases as in V. Antiopa; terminal 
spine short, flattened, curved. 

The larvae are to be found on the wild nettle, and there 
are two broods in a season. 

Northern States to Montana, Colorado, Arizona, 
Pacific States. 

63. Pyrameis Atalanta, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches. 

Upper surface black, a little brownish over the basal 
half. Each wing is crossed by a reddish fulvous band, 
the one on the fore wing extending in a curved line 
from the costa at one-third the distance from the base 
of the wing almost to the posterior angle; the one 
on the hind wing: a terminal border not reaching the 
apex nor the anal angle, and containing a row of black 
lunules. The fore wings have an oblique white costal 
bar half-way from the fulvous band to the apex, and a 
submarginal row of five round white spots from the costa 
to near the fulvous band, the fourth the largest. Near 
the anal angle is a blue bar in a black space. 

Under side of fore wings black, gray at the apex, the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



197 



Fig. 




fulvous and white repeated, blue along the costa, in the 
cell, and beyond the fulvous band. The hind wings are 
marbled with brown, olive, olive-brown, gray, and pale 
violet, a series of five partially distinct subniarginal 
ocelli imperfectly pupilled. 

The eggs are green, barrel-shaped, with 
nine vertical ribs which are highest at the top, 
the ribs grooved on each side perpendicularly 
to the surface of the es^. 

So 

The young larva is greenish brown, semi- 
translucent, and furnished with ten rows of 
black, curved hairs. Joints 2 and 13 have 
black dorsal patches. 

After the first moult it is wholly black-brown, armed 
with seven rows of short, slender, branching black spines. 
Head bilobed, the vertices rounded. After the third 
moult the body is more black, each segment creased, on 
the creases many minute whitish tubercles ; a macular 
greenish -yellow stigmatal band ; head brown. In reach- 
ing maturity it passes four moults. 

The mature larva is 1.3 inches long, cylindrical, en- 
larged in the middle, and of a velvet-black color thickly 
sprinkled with fine yellow points, with a stigmatal line of 
greenish-yellow patches. It has seven rows of moder- 
ately long, slender, branching spines, which are usually 
black ; but in some specimens they are pale yellow- 
white, more or less reddish at base. Head rounded, 
bilobed, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with black, 
simple spines. 

The chrysalis is from .85 to .95 of an inch long, 
cylindrical, the abdomen stout, the dorsal tubercles 
gilded, the lateral in two rows and black. Color vari- 

17* 



198 TlIE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

ous, usually reddish gray, more or less reticulated with 
black. 

The food-plants are nettle and hop. 

United States generally. 

64. Pyeameis Hunteea, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 

Upper surface fulvous, a little tawny at base, the 
apical portion of fore wings black, this continued as a 
border to the posterior angle. The apical black contains 
an oblique fulvous bar beyond the cell, and the submar- 
ginal white dots of P. Atalanta, the first two blended, 
and one farther down in the fulvous. Besides this there 
are five triangular black marks, two of which are in the 
cell. The border of both wings consists of three more 
or less distinct lines, the inner on the hind wings in the 
form of a shade. The apical portion of the border 
on the fore wings is washed with lilac; and there is a 
gray-bhie bar at the anal angle. Hind wings have a 
submarginal row of five black spots, the second and 
fifth pupilled with blue. Costa black. 

The under side of fore wings is red, except the apical 
portion, which is marked as above. Hind wings marbled 
with brownish black and white, with two large ocelli. 
The outer border is four black lines, with violet between 
the two inner. 

The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, the body velvety 
black, between the joints four transverse lines of pale 
yellow alternating with narrow black lines. On each 
joint there are seven dark brown tubercles, from which 
arise short, branching, black spines. On joints 6 to 12 
in the subdorsal region ar** large shining white spots. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 199 

Joint 2 is short, has but little black, and lacks the 
tubercles and spines. Head bilobed, black, sparsely 
clothed with gray hairs. Between joints 12 and 13 is a 
large whitish patch crossed by a fine black line. Below 
the stigmata are two yellow lines, the lower interrupted, 
both spotted with black. 

The chrysalis is yellowish, moderately angular ; head- 
case bifid, slightly projecting, and edged with brown 
above ; thoracic projection forming an obtuse angle ; 
dorsal spines minute, of nearly uniform size, brown- 
tipped ; segments with rows of brown dots, and also of 
brown isli markings. 

The food-plants are Gnaphalium polycephalum, Arte- 
misia Ludovieiana, and probably other allied species. 

United States generally. 

65. Pyrameis Cardui, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface reddish fulvous, the fore wings marked 
as in P. Huntera, except that the bar in the apical black 
portion of the fore wings is white instead of fulvous, and 
the white submarginal dot in the fulvous is absent, as 
is also the violet apical shade. The hind wings have the 
submarginal black spots, with a very little blue in the 
fourth and fifth, and the border is broken. 

The under side is much as it is in P. Huntera, but 
there are five ocelli on the hind wings instead of two, 
and they are smaller. 

The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, cylindrical, rather 
robust. The general color of the substigmatal region, as 
well as that of the middle part of each joint, and the greater 
part of the thoracic joints, is a delicate lilac. Between the 



200 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

joints are two linos of bright yellow, the posterior slightly 
double, the space between the yellow lines occupied by 
two narrow black lines and one white line, all the light 
lines between the thoracic joints being white. There are 
seven rows of tubercles, from which arise branching spines, 
the dorsal and lowest lateral tubercles white, the rest red- 
dish brown. The spines are whitish yellow, the tips of 
the branches black. Joints 3 and 4 have only four spines 
each. The dorsum has a double, broken yellow line, the 
dashes of which it is composed extending from the an- 
terior transverse yellow line to the tubercle on the centre 
of the joint. There is also a yellow dash in front of 
each of the brown tubercles ; all the yellow being rather 
dark. Below the stigmata, between the lower tubercles, 
is a light lemon-yellow line. Stigmata black, with some 
black spots over the body. Head black. 

This butterfly is distributed over the United States 
generally, and is known by the common name of Thistle 
Butterfly. It is double-brooded, and hibernates in the 
butterfly state. The larva? feed on thistle, burdock, 
sunflower, and hollyhock. 

66. Junonia Ccenia, Hub. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface dark olive-brown, each wing with two 
eye-spots, a large and a small one, the large ones the 
posterior of the fore wings and the anterior of the hind 
wings, the small ones on the fore wings sometimes ob- 
scure. There is an oblique whitish band beyond the 
cell of the fore wings, the lower part expanding so as 
more or less to enclose the eye-spot. There are two 
fulvous bars in the cell, and there is a little fulvous 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 201 

outside the large eye-spot, and a subtercninal fulvous 
border to the hind wings not reaching either margin. 
The border to both wings consists of three somewhat 
crenate black lines, the ground color between a little 
pale. Sometimes the fore wings have a little subapical 
white, and a subterminal fulvous bar outside the small 
ocellus. 

Under side variable, ranging from reddish brown and 
brownish fawn to brownish buff; these colors being found 
on the hind wings and the apex of the fore wings, with 

Fig. 56. 




Junonia Coenia (natural size). 

brown wavy lines of varying shade. The eye-spots of the 
fore wings are as above, but both of those on the hind 
wings are small, with two points between them and one 
near the costa. The fore wings have the white band and 
three fulvous bars in the cell. 

The mature larva is black, the dorsum sprinkled with 
fine white specks, with two somewhat broken lines of 
creamy white on each side, the lower side of the joints 
back of joint 4 and a ring back of the head dull ochre. 



202 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

On each joint there is a transverse row of tubercles tipped 
with spines, the two stigmatal on each side dull ochre, 
the rest black. 

The chrysalis is like that of P. Cardui and P. Hun- 
tera, but blackish varied with whitish, without metallic 
spots. 

The larvae feed on species of Gerardia, plantain, and 
snapdragon, and are to be found in the Middle and 
Southern States to the Pacific; occasionally in Massa- 
chusetts and Maine. 

67. Anartta J atrophy, Linn. 

Expanse of wings 2 inches. 

Color gray, with a livid tint, two round black spots 
to each wing, those on the hind wings in the position of 
the eye-spots of J. Ccenia, but lacking the apical one on 
the fore wings, slightly pupilled. Outer border consists 
of three dull-brownish crenate lines, the outer on the 
edge of the wing. Wings crossed by several wavy lines 
the same color as the border, five of these being bars in 
the cell of the fore wings and at its end, with several 
shades along the costal region. 

Under side paler, the spots and transverse marks as 
above, the outer margin washed with brown. Antennas 
black, the club ferruginous. 

This species is found only in Florida and Texas. 

68. Eunica Monima, Cram. 

Expanse of wings 1.6 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, with a decided purple re- 
flection. Across the apical portion of the fore wings are 
two oblique rows of whitish spots, the one across the end 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 203 

of the cell consisting of three spots, the outer or sub- 
apical of two. Fringes fuscous gray. 

Under side brownish drab, the white spots repeated, 
and the space about these blackish brown. The hind 
wings are crossed by three brown, tortuous lines. Be- 
tween the middle and the outer are six obscure brownish 
eye-spots, some black in the centre, some white, in two 
sets of three each. 

Florida and Texas. 

69. Timetes Petreus, Cram. 

Expanse of wings 3 inches. 

Upper surface bright fulvous red, costal edge of fore 
wings black, more prominent towards the apex. Both 
wings are crossed by three black lines, which are nearly 
parallel to the outer margin. On the hind wings the 
outer line is double, expanded on the costa, where the 
included space is white. The hind wings have a black 
border which sends a shade on the posterior angle of the 
fore wings and is shaded inward with brownish black 
about the anal angle. On the inner edge of the border 
is an ocellus at the end of the outer transverse black 
line, another elongate one at the anal angle, and a trace 
of a third farther towards the apex. Hind wings ending 
in a tail .6 of an inch long, and the anal angle prolonged 
into another .2 of an inch, the latter with some gray-blue 
and purple scales. Apex of fore wings produced, the 
angle below the apex prominent. 

Under side brown, with a violet reflection, the lines 
darker brown, ashy at the anal angle. Body fulvous 
above, white beneath. 

Indian River, Florida. 



204 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



70. Vtctorina Steneles, Linn. 

Expanse of wings 3.3 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dull black, marked by grass- 
green spots or markings. These consist of a row or 
band extending obliquely across the middle of the fore 
wings and the base of the hind wings, and a subterminal 
row common to both wings. The first row occupies about 

Fig. 67. 




Victorina Steneles, male (natural size). 



the middle third of the fore wing and is broken up intf 



oblong 



spots, but on the hind wing it is continuous, there 



being but little black between this and the base. Fig. 
57 shows how this band is broken up into spots, con- 
sisting of two beyond the cell ; then an interspace with- 
out a spot ; the third in the upper median space, con- 
tinued into the cell by a blunt conical spot, the vein 
separating them, and both rounded inwardly ; the fourth 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 205 

occupies the lower two-thirds of the lower median inter- 
space, somewhat boot-shaped, the foot extending into the 
cell ; the band is continued to the hind margin by a 
single nearly quadrate patch, with the brownish subme- 
dian vein crossing it. This band continues across the 
hind wing to the inner margin, crossed by the brownish 
veins. The outer row consists of small spots between 
the veins, nearly round, the first four on the fore wings 
and the last two on the hind wings inconspicuous, the 
others varying in diameter from one-third to nearly the 
whole distance between the veins. Besides these bands 
or rows of spots there are two small patches along the 
costa, somewhat paler than the others. The black be- 
tween the rows has a shade of drab across it, more prom- 
inent on the hind wings, it being orange-tinted near the 
anal angle- 
Under side with the green repeated but much enlarged, 
so as to cover most of the under surface ; the inner band 
bordered on each side on the hind wings and partially on 
the fore wings with orange, the outer band tinted on the 
inside with orange and brown. Ground color of the 
outer part yellowish drab, of the basal part almost white, 
the two shading into each other. 

Fore wings considerably falcate, the apex slightly pro- 
duced, the outer margin dentate ; the hind wings more 
strongly dentate, with a tail near the middle .2 of an inch 
long ; the excavation in margins of both wings white. 

Female. — This resembles the male closely, but differs 
in the third spot of the median band not being accom- 
panied by a spot in the cell, and in the under side having 
more orange. 

Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Central America to Brazil. 
18 



206 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

71. Diadema Misippus, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 

Male. — Wings dark chocolate color, almost black, 
but when held against the light in a certain direction dis- 
play a bluish-purple tint. The fore wings have a large 
white oval spot in the middle, and another smaller ob- 
long white spot at the tips. The hind wings have. a 
white spot larger than in the fore wings: on the edges 
of all these spots the purple color is very conspicuous. 

Female. — Upper surface fulvous; fore wings with the 
costal and outer borders black, the latter containing two 
rows of pale blue spots, not very distinct, near posterior 
angle ; a white patch near apex, and a blackish shade 
cloud obliquely across the wing at the end of the cell ; 
veins in outer portion of wing black. Hind wings with 
the border the same as on the fore wings, the costal in- 
terrupted near the apex. Fringes black, white in the 
intervenular depressions. 

The food-plant is purslane. 

Indian River, Florida. 

72. Limenitis Ursula, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 3 inches. 

Upper surface black tinged with bluish or greenish, 
and a little with fulvous at the apex of the fore wings. 
Along the outer margin are two rows of blue or green 
spots, the outer in the form of crescents, the inner 
lunules. 

Under side brownish black, the outer border repeated, 
preceded by a row of black and a row of fulvous spots, 
some of the latter obsolete near the posterior angle. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 207 

There are two fulvous spots in the cell of the fore wings, 
three near the base of the hind wings, and some on the 
costa of both wings near the base. 

The larva, according to Harris, is like that of L. Di- 
sippus in form, of a brownish color, more or less varie- 
gated with white on the sides, and with green above, and, 

Fig. 58. 




Limenitis Ursula (natural size). 

like that of Disippus, has two long barbed brown horns 
on the second (third ?) segment. 

The chrysalis is not to be distinguished from that of 
Disipjous in form and color, and the butterfly emerges 
from it in eleven days after the insect has entered this 
state. 

The food-plants are willow, wild gooseberry, wild 
cherry, apple, plum, hawthorn, oak, Vaccinium stami- 
neum, and Carpinus Americana. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Kansas. 






208 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

73. Limenitis Arthemis, Drury. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 

Upper surface black, a white band crossing both wings, 
that on the fore wings curving from the middle of the 
costa to near the posterior angle, from which place it is 
continued across the hind wings to above the anal angle. 
The fore wings have a white subapical spot and two 
marginal rows of faint green lunulcs. The hind wings 
have the lunnles more distinct, and inside them a row of 
fulvous spots. 

The under side is fulvous brown, marked ad in L. Ur- 
sula, except that in this the white band of the upper 
surface is repeated. 

This is a dimorphic species, the two forms at first 
supposed to be distinct species, but Mr. Edwards has 
reared both forms from eggs deposited by the same 
female, which proves them to be only forms of the same 
species. The above description applies to the one known 
as dimorphic form Lamina, Fab. The other, dimorphic 
form Proserpina, Edw., may be known by the white 
band of the fore wings being obsolete on its anterior 
half, or by there being at most only a whitish stripe oc- 
cupying some part of the position of the band on the 
other form. 

The egg is grayish green, dome-shaped, with the whole 
surface covered with six-sided reticulations, from each 
angle of which arises a short, tapering, white spine. 

The young larva hatches from this in from seven to 
nine days. It is yellowish brown, covered with fine 
tubercles, each supporting a fine club-shaped hair. The 
young larva is said to eat away the leaf on both sides of 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 209 

the midrib, and when at rest is to be found on this 
stripped portion. 

After the first moult the color is blackish brown, with 
a light brown patch on joint 8, covering the dorsum and 
part of the sides. On all the joints back of the second 
there is a broad ridge, in most cases followed by two 
narrow ones ; the broad one on joint 3 elevated and 
bearing two tawny conical processes, crowned by a clus- 
ter of little fleshy knobs. Besides these there are other 
lower processes along the back. After the second moult 
the dorsal patch becomes pale buff* and extends partly 
over joints 7 and 9. 

Five days after this moult each larva begins to make 
its hibernaculum, or case in which to hibernate, and three 
days later they close themselves in these cases, where they 
remain till the following spring. After they emerge from 
the hibernaculi they feed about two days and moult the 
third time, when they are red-brown speckled and mottled 
with black, with the processes ferruginous. Joints 2 to 4 
are yellowish inclining to buff. After the fourth moult 
the color remains about the same. 

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long; the red color 
two days after the fourth moult begins to change to 
green, olive, and partly a light and deep green ; the 
dorsal patch to sordid buff, dull red buff, or whitish ; the 
anterior segments to gray or whitish. The head changes 
from red to blue, and becomes dark drab. 

The chrysalis is .9 of an inch long, subcylindrical, 
the abdomen somewhat compressed laterally and termi- 
nating rather abruptly ; the general shape much like 
that of L. Dlslppus. The color of the wing-cases and 
anterior parts silvery gray, the former tinged with brown 
o 18* 



210 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

or pale black along their hind margins ; the wing-casea 
varying somewhat in shade. Dorsal side of abdomen 
yellow-white, gray towards extremity ; ventral side al- 
most wholly gray and brown ; dorsal appendage dark 
smoky brown, with silvery corrugations before and after 
it. The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis from June 
to July. 

The food-plants are willow, aspen, basswood, and 
probably thorn. 

Northern United States. 

74. Limenitis Disippus, Godt. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
Upper surface fulvous, the lines black ; on the fore 
wings a black triangular patch, containing three white 

Fig. 59. 




Limenitis Disippus, — right wings the under side (natural size). 

spots on the costa beyond the cell, continued to the pos- 
terior angle in a narrow line. A black line crosses the 
hind wings about two-thirds of the distance from the 
base, as shown in Fig. 59. Outer border black, contain- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



211 



ing a row of white spots ; and there are two anteapical 
white spots, the lower one quite small. Fringes black 
spotted with white. 

Under side similar to the upper, but the fulvous is 
paler; the border contains two rows of white spots, 
and white spots between the veins in front of the trans- 
verse line of the hind wings, and on the costa of the 
fore wings in front of the cell. 

Yar. Floridensis, Strecker. — This form has the 
upper surface dark, almost mahogany color, but the 



Fig. 60. 




L. Disippus : a, egg, X 30 5 c » same, natural size ; d, more enlarged 
view of one of the cells. 

under side is as pale as the usual form. This form lb 
found from the southern part of Illinois south. 

Yar. Pseudodorippus, Strecker. — On this the mesial 
black stripe of the hind wings is wanting ; the anteapical 
black patch almost gone, — only indicated by a darkish 
shade devoid of the usual three white spots. Under sur- 
face same as above, save that in the submarginal row of 
white lunules there is no intervening; black line between 
them and the reddish ground color. This was from a 
single female taken in the Catskill Mountains, New York. 



212 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



The egg represented in Fig. 60 is similar in 
size to that of L. Arthemis. The eggs are pale 
first, but soon change to gray. 

The young larva is yellowish brown mottled 
streaks, especially below the stigmata ; head 
large as joint 2, and bilobed. Each joint is d 
a transverse impressed line, and on the top of 
thus made are four elevated spots, the anterior tl 
There is also a subdorsal and substigmatal row of similar 

Fig. 61. 



form and 
yellow at 

with dark 

twice as 

ivided by 

the folds 



le largest. 




L. Disippus: 



mature larva ; c, hibernaculum ; <7, leaf eaten all but 
midrib. 



warts, from each of which springs a pale bristle. The. 
second period scarcely differs from the first. In the 
third period the horns acquire their mature proportions, 
and the whole surface of the larva becomes more granu- 
lated. In the fourth or last period the blue points 
appear, and the lateral rows of tubercles lose their con- 
spicuousness to a great extent. 

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long; general color 
either whitish or olive-green. Body thickly granulated 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



213 



Fig. 62. 



v^ 



Head dull olive, with dense minute priekles ; bilobed, 
upon the vertices a pair of prickly horns. Back specked 
and mottled above the stigmata with olive of different 
shades, except joints 3 and 9 and the upper parts of 8 and 

10, but with a continuous pure white substigmatal line. 
Below this, on joints 5 to 11, is a large olive patch, on 
joints 7 to 10 extending to the tip of the prolegs. A 
pair of black, transversely-arranged dorsal dots in the 
sutures behind joint 3, and a more or less obvious lateral 
one just above, and behind the sixth and eighth pair 
of stigmata. Joints 4 to 8 and 10 to 12 with more or 
less shining, elevated, blue dots. On joint 3 is a pair of 
prickly, cylindrical, black horns, transversely 
arranged, .16 of an inch long; on joints 4, 

11, and 12, a pair of dorsal tubercles, each 
crowned by a little bunch of from eight to 
twelve prickles ; on joint 6, a pair of similar 
tubercles, but larger and of a yellowish color; 
on joints 5, 7, 8, and 10, tubercles similar to 
those on joints 4, 11, and 12, but smaller; on 
joint 13, four black, prickly, dorsal horns. 

The pupa (Fig. 62) is similar in form to 
that of L. Arthemhj and is marked with burnt pupa, 
umber-brown, ash-gray, flesh color, and white. 

The winter is passed in a hibernaculum consisting of 
a leaf, similar to L. Arthemis, except when there is more 
than one brood in a season. In this case it is only the 
last brood that has a torpid state. 

The food-plants are apple, plum, willow, poplar, and 
oak. 

United States generally. 




■MHH 



■ ■ 



214 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

75. Limenitis Eros, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3 inches. 

Upper surface dark red-brown, mahogany color, the 
black markings heavier than in L. Disippus, the white 
spots in the border of the hind wings subobsolete, while 
in the males there are often a series of white crescents in 
front of the black line of the hind wings. 

The under side is as dark as the upper, or scarcely 
lighter, with the white marks more prominent than in 
L. Disippus, and a white spot near the base of each wing. 

The following description of the preparatory stages, 
arranged from Mr. Edwards's account of the life-history 
of this species, will show how the two species differ in 
the larva state. 

The egg is similar to that of L. Disippus, but a little 
higher in proportion. 

The color of the larva after the first moult is mottled 
tawny and dark brown, the appendages on joint 3 one- 
third as large as in Disippus (.01 of an inch). 

After the second moult, color more black, less tawny, 
the appendages .03 of an inch long, thick, club-shaped, 
covered closely with grains, mostly tawny, a few black. 

After the third moult, color black, the tops of all the 
tubercles tawny, the appendages .06 to .08 of an inch 
long, clubbed as before, tawny. 

After the fourth moult, color variable, either dark red- 
brown, the anterior segments brown-buff, the patch light 
buff, pink-tinted, or dark yellow-brown, the anterior 
segments yellow- white, the patch yellow, with buff tint ; 
the appendages .12 to .22 of an inch long, clubbed and 
closely covered throughout with tawny grains (the shorter 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 215 

processes clubbed, the longer tapering, but clubbed at 
tip). Head amber color, in some cases yellow-brown, the 
top and sides pinkish. 

In 1878, Mr. Herman Strecker briefly described, in 
his Catalogue of Butterflies, a Southern form as darker 
than Disippus, under the name Var. Floridensis, but 
gave no marks of difference except the color. In the 
December number of the " Canadian Entomologist" for 
1880, Mr. W. H. Edwards, recognizing two forms in 
the Southern States as differing from L. Disippus, de- 
scribed the one farthest separated from Disippus as L. 
Eros, presuming that the other form was Mr. Strecker's 
var. Floridensis : the one described as Eros contained 
points of difference besides color, and Mr. Strecker's de- 
scription made no mention of any other distinction. In 
a subsequent number of the " Canadian Entomologist" 
Mr. Strecker claimed that Mr. Edwards had redescribed 
his variety Floridensis ; but the New York Entomological 
Club sustained Mr. Edwards in his name Eros for the 
form to which it was given. Following that decision, 
the two names are used in that way in Mr. Edwards's 
New Catalogue, and the nomenclature here is based on 
that arrangement. 

The food-plant is willow. 

Florida, Georgia. 

76. Apatura Celtis, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 

Upper surface russety gray or fawn color, inclined to 
olivaceous, shaded with black-brown. The outer half 
of the fore wings, except the hind margin, and two spots 
and a bar in the cell, dark brown, with an irregular row 



216 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



of seven pale yellow spots beyond the cell. T) iere are 
three subniarginal black ocelli, the lower not pupilled, 
the middle pupilled, with the lower of three white s P°ts ; 
a little tawny near the posterior part of the puargin. 
Hind wings more uniformly shaded with browi 1 ? with 
two marginal rows of fawn lunules ; and beyd n d the 
middle six round eye-like spots, not pupilled, in a P a ^ e 
field. In certain lights the upper surface has a ntt ^ e 
iridescence. 

Under side light gray, less brown than abo ve > the 

Fig. 68. 




e, tb* 



Apatura Celtis: a, egg; b, larva, dorsal view ; c, <7, pupa; e, imago, mal 
dotted lino showing form of female. 

middle of the fore wings with a slight yellow tinge. 
The fore wings have two ocelli, the hind wings seven, 
all annulate with pale yellow, and all but one or 1 eacn 
wing with a pupil, the pupil of those on the hind wings 
pale blue. 

The mature larva?, as described by Professor RileT? are 
rather more than an inch long, of a pea-green color? wl th 
a series of yellow spots along the middle of the back, 
and three yellow lines on each side, the intermedia^ one 
undulating, often obsolete on the anterior part of eac ' 1 
joint, and containing a little lead-colored dimple. -ke 



I^^HM^HI 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



217 



body is more or less thickly granulated with pale papilla? ; 
swells in the middle, from which it tapers both ways, the 
anal extremity ending in two horns. The back and sides 
are flattened, the latter sloping slightly roof fashion. 
The most characteristic feature is the head, which, though 
variable in color, is always surmounted in this stage by 

Fig. 64. 




A. Celtis : _/, egg, magnified ; g, larva, lateral view ; h, imago, under side ; i, j, Jc, I. m, 
the five different larval heads ; n, o, dorsal and lateral view of larval joint, enlarged. 

two antlers. The heads in the different stages are well 
represented in Fig. 64. 

The second brood of larva? after passing the second or 
third moult cease to eat, station themselves on the under 
side of a leaf, shrink in size and change their color some- 
what, and become torpid. In this state they hibernate. 

Food-plant, hackberry. 

Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley. 

77. Apatura Alicia, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches. 

Upper surface dull fulvous, a little more than the outer 
half of fore wings dark brown, except the hind margin 
k 19 



218 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

and a spur from the posterior angle. The cell has the 
three marks of the preceding species, also the row of 
spots beyond the cell, but the three next to the costa are 
white. Above the posterior angle is an eye-spot with a 
pale blue centre and a reddish annulus. 

Hind wings with a border consisting of an edge and 
two black lines, with six ocelli within this border, about 
four of which are pupilled ; and some shading of brown 
near the base. 

Under side grayish white shaded with gray, the middle 
of the fore wings tinged a little with yellow. Marked 
much as above, the middle of the terminal lines yellow. 
There are two ocelli on the fore wings and seven on the 
hind wings, annulate with yellow and black, except the 
posterior one of the fore wings, which lacks the black, 
the anal one double. 

Florida to Texas. 

78. Apatura Clyton, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface of fore wings rusty fulvous at 
the base, the remainder blackish brown, the veins some- 
times ferruginous. The hind wings are blackish brown, 
the inner side with long greenish-brown hairs. Both 
wings have a black line forming the inner part of the 
terminal border, which is preceded by a series of rusty 
yellowish spots, obsolete at the apex of fore wings. Be- 
yond the cell of fore wings are two rows of yellowish or 
rusty yellow spots, the outer row lacking two of reach- 
ing the hind margin ; and there are two black bars in the 
cell. The hind wings have within the outer margin a 
series of six round black spots circled with ferruginous. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



219 



Under side of fore wings brown in several shades, 
gray in the cell ; the marks of the upper side repeated, 
but not in the same colors, also a sinuous median black 
stripe. Hind wings purplish brown at base, limited 
through the middle by a darker sinuate line. Beyond 
this is a pale shade followed by another brown space 
containing the usual seven small ocelli. Outer border 
of both wings two crenate purplish-brown lines. 

Female. — The fore wings are lighter, less brown on 



Fig. 65. 




Apatura Clyton : a, eggs ; b, larva ; c, pupa ; d, imago, male, the dotted line showtua, 
the form of female (all natural size). 



the outer part, and the spots have a decided yellow tint. 
The under side in some examples quite pale. 

This species is dimorphic, but not seasonally, as there 
is only one brood during a season. The description 
given applies to the dimorphic form Ocellata, Edw. 
Dimorphic form Proserpina, Scud., differs from this 
in having the hind wings wholly blackish brown, except 
a little ferruginous at base, the round spots showing very 
little or not at all. 



220 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



The under side is darker, with more of a purplish tint, 
and die ocelli of the hind wings are obscured. 

The eggs of this butterfly are deposited in dense 
clusters, those of A. Celtis singly. When first deposited 
the eggs are pale yellowish white, but towards time for 
hatching the mass becomes more buff-colored. 

The larva, in its first stage, is, according to Professor 
C. V. Riley, easily distinguished from that of Celtis by 
its copal-yellow, instead of black, head ; and in the other 




O V It ' 

Apatura Clyton : g, larva, half grown, dorsal view ; h, imago, male, under side ; i,j, 
k, I, m, the five different heads of larva; n, o, dorsal and lateral views of larval joint ; 
p, egg, enlarged ; 7, larva? as when hibernating (natural size). 

stages by a dark dorsal line, and a straight instead of 
wavy suprastigmatal line. The head is also larger, more 
pubescent, broader at the apex, and with the antlers 
larger, more spiny and hairy. These characters are well 
shown in the two illustrations which accompany each of 
the two species compared. According to Mr. W. H. 
Edwards, there is only one brood of Clyton in the latitude 
of West Virginia, the larvse hibernating after the second 
or third moult. 



Hm 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 221 

The food-plant is hackberry, Celtis occidentals . 
New York to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley, 
Kansas. 

79. Apatura Flora, Edw. 

Expanse of wings about the same as A. Clyton. 

Male. — Both wings more excised than is usual in 
Clyton, and the hind wings more prolonged and more 
pointed at the anal angle. Upper surface of both wings 
uniform bright orange ferruginous, except the area be- 
yond the cell of the fore wings, which is of a deep shade 
of ferruginous, blackened in the middle of the several 
interspaces. The fore wings are scarcely at all obscured 
at base, and the two rows of spots are bright orange 
ferruginous, of the same shade as the general surface, 
instead of being yellowish as in the usual Clyton. 

The hind wings have the base and inner margin but 
slightly obscured, and a broad bright stripe extends from 
the middle of the wing to the marginal band. The 
ocelli lie in this field, and are large. The marginal band 
of each wing is remarkably broad, so that on the hind 
Avings it nearly reaches the ocelli ; and, except in the two 
interspaces next the outer angle, there is a total absence 
of the submarginal crenated line always seen in var. 
Ocellata of Clyton. Furthermore, there is an absence 
of the light patch on costal margin. The peculiar shape 
of the wings, the uniform bright shade of ferruginous, 
extending even to the rows of spots beyond the cell, the 
large ocelli, the broad marginal band, and the absence of 
the crenated line and of the costal patch, strike the eye 
at once. 

On the under side the pattern is as in var. Ocellata 
19* 



■■ 



222 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

of Clyton, but the colors are all intense ; the cell and 
nearly all the spots of the fore wings buff, the extra 
discal area deep ferruginous ; the basal area of hind 
wings deep gray-brown, tinted with ferruginous next the 
costa and towards the anal angle. The sinuous discal 
stripe is deep ferruginous, as is also the field on which 
are the ocelli, and between this stripe and field the space 
is lilacinons ; the ocelli intense ferruginous, with obsolete 
rings, and lilacinons pupils. On both wings the broad 
marginal band is cut by a conspicuous blue-black stripe 
from the anal angle to the second subcostal venule on the 
fore wings. This stripe is so expanded next the posterior 
angle of the fore wings as to occupy full half the width 
of the band. 

Female. — Duller colored, but as little obscured as the 
male. The fore wings are crossed by a broad, sinuous, 
deep black discal band, which in the usual Clyton is 
brown or ferruginous, and the bars in the cell are black 
and heavy. A broad submarginal black stripe com- 
pletely crosses both wings, the margin outside this stripe 
being ferruginous, concolored with the cell. The cre- 
nated line is absent from the hind wings even at the 
outer angle. 

This description is slightly modified from Mr. Ed- 
wards's description as given in " Butterflies of North 
America," vol. ii. The following description of the pre- 
paratory stages is from the same author in the " Canadian 
Entomologist" for May, 1881. 

The egg is similar to that of Clyton, nearly spherical, 
flattened at base, marked by eighteen or twenty slightly 
prominent vertical ribs and many fine equidistant strise : 
jolor yellow-green. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 223 

The young larva, which hatches in six or seven days, is 
.08 of an inch long, cylindrical, tapering from joint 3 ; 
pubescent, and of a pale translucent green color. The 
head is twice as broad as the second segment, subglobose, 
bilobed, the surface thickly pitted with yellow excava- 
tions ; color shining yellow or ochrey brown. Towards 
the last of the stage the body is less tapering, each 
segment well rounded, with dark green dorsal and sub- 
dorsal lines, the last more decidedly green. After six 
days the larva moults, when it is .14 of an inch long, 
the body a little thickened at joint 7, tapering slightly 
each way, the last segment ending in a forked tail. 
The surface is closely covered with yellow and yellow- 
white tubercles, arranged in longitudinal rows, and 
also in regular cross-rows. These tubercles are stout 
at the base, subconic at the top, of irregular size, and at 
the top of each is a short white appendage. Dorsal 
and subdorsal stripes dark green, the last narrow. The 
dorsum is covered by two bands of tubercles, divided by 
the green stripe, each band made up of two rows, the 
outer row whitish, the inner yellow. The subdorsal 
region, or below the lateral stripe, is another band of 
two rows, and as the stage proceeds these separate, show- 
ing a dull green line between them, the lower row run- 
ning with the basal ridge of the body. The tails are 
divergent from base, short, tapering, rough with tubercles, 
and these give out longer hairs than elsewhere. Under 
side, feet, and legs yellow-green. Head subquadrate, the 
sides rounded, the whole surface shallowly pitted and 
covered with short yellow down ; color greenish white, 
with dark brown spots and patches, a large brown tri- 
angle over the mandibles, a small subtriangular patch at 



224 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the top in the depression, a subcrescent patch along the 
base of each vertex, a stripe from the vertex half-way 
down the side, and another down the back ; the ocelli 
black on a brown ground ; on each vertex a short, com- 
pressed, fleshy, white process, and single white spurs 
along the back of the head at the top and down the 
sides ; on the sides and top of the processes and spurs 
many long white hairs. 

After four days the larva moults again, when it is 
.26 of an inch long ; the shape similar but stouter, the 
sides somewhat less rounded than the dorsum, the base 
broadest, and the tails more produced. The tubercles 
remain as during the preceding stage, but broader and 
flattened, the two rows of each dorsal band a little sep- 
arated, so as to show a dull green imperfect line ; the side- 
stripe much widened, joint 2 wholly yellow. The head 
is shaped as before, the depression more angular, green 
behind, green with dark brown patches at the sides and 
front ; these patches much extended, the one at the top 
nearly meeting by a triangular projection the triangle 
from the mandibles, and the one from base of process in 
nearly all cases protracted to outer end of mandibles, so 
that the white in front is confined to two curved vertical 
stripes, forming with a cross-line between the two triangles 
the letter H. The processes are stout, short, cylindrical, 
evenly forked at the top, each fork bluntly rounded, and 
a little tapering ; at the base is a spur turned forward, 
and along the back and sides are single spurs ; color of 
process black in front, green behind. Along the back of 
the head at the top are spurs in line, and so down the 
sides, diminishing gradually in length, the upper ones 
bent down ; all, as well as the processes, pilose. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



225 



It moults again in three days, but the characters do 
not change. Length from .38 to .4 of an inch. 

In five days more it moults again, when it measures 
.6 of an inch, the shape and markings unchanged. 

The mature larva is from 1.2 to 1.4 inches long, sub- 
cylindrical and robust, the dorsum well rounded, the 
sides much less convex, rather flattened, and sloping to 
a broad base; the last segment ending in a forked tail. 
It is banded with tubercles as at the first part of this 
stage, but these have constantly diminished in size as 
the larva progressed, and are in no place so distinct, and 
many have disappeared altogether. General color either 
bright yellow or ochre-yellow, a little whitened along 
the edges of the dorsal area ; dorsal stripe very narrow, 
and either black or deep blue, but greenish on two or 
three anterior joints ; the two side-stripes are dull or 
sordid green, as is also the under side. Head subquad- 
rate, the sides rounded, the front moderately rounded, 
the top depressed, on each vertex a short stout stag-horn 
process, with four prongs, these and the entire front and 
sides of the processes black ; the back is green, and upon 
it and at the sides below are four green similar prongs, 
spurs similar to those in the former stage ; the rest of 
the head greenish white and black, and thickly covered 
with a fine yellow down ; the processes and spurs much 
covered with long white hairs. 

The chrysalis is from .7 to .85 of an inch long, shaped 
much as in the other species. The color is pale yellow- 
green, finely streaked and speckled with light buff over 
head-case, mesonotum, and wing-cases, and speckled over 
abdomen. In six or seven days after pupation t\m butter- 
fly emerges. Like the other species, this feeds during the 



226 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



larval state on hackberry, witli habits similar to those 
of Clyton. 

Texas, Florida. 

80. Paphia Troglodyta, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.9 inches. 
Male (Fig. 67). — Upper surface copper-red, outei 
margin edged with a black border, with gray or purple 

Fig. 67, 




Paphia Troglodyta, male (natural size). 



reflections. At the end of the cell of the fore wings is 
a black bar, and a black patch on the costa of the hind 
wings. 

Under side dead-leaf brown with a gray lustre, tinted 
on hind margin of fore wings with reddish, and through- 
out covered with dark scales. The basal half of fore 
wings deep-colored, limited without by a wavy edge ; be- 
yond this, and reaching to the dark marginal border, is 
a broad wavy band of paler color, bifurcate at the costal 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 227 

margin. There is a small cluster of luteous scales in 
the subcostal interspace of the hind wings and on the 
middle of the outer area. 

Female. — This has the upper side pale red, the mar- 
ginal border of fore wings very broad, enclosing a yellow- 
red wavy band imperfectly bifurcated. The hind wings 
have a similar band, contracted at the apex, and greatly 
expanded through the middle, which is partially sepa- 

Fig. 68 




Paphia Troglodyta, female (natural size). 

rated from the apical portion by a line. The under side 
is vinous brown, with gray reflections. . 

The young larva is light bluish green thickly covered 
with soiled white papillae. Scattered among these are 
light orange papillae of a larger size, with occasionally 
one of brown. The head is larger than the third seg- 
ment, which is the largest in the body. At each moult 
some of the papillae disappear, especially the brown ones, 
the green shade becoming more apparent and the skiu 
softer. 



^■■^■MMMHKHi 



228 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



The mature larva is 1.55 inches long, cylindrical, 
tapering each way from the third joint. Color light 
bluish green ; surface rough, covered with whitish pa- 
pillae. Head bilobed, a pair of orange papillae on the 



Fig. 69. 




Paphia Troglodyta : a, larva ; b, pnpa. 



vertex. Neck green, constricted, retracted within joint 2 
when at rest. 

The chrysalis is at first light green, soon changing to 
whitish green or to light cinereous brown ; the whole 
surface indistinctly marked with fine parallel streaks of 
darker color. In form short, thick, gibbous, the ab- 
dominal joints contracted almost into a hemisphere. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. "22\) 

The food-plant is Oroton capitatum, and probably also 
Oroton monanthogynum, as the butterfly is to be found 
where the first plant does not grow but the latter does. 

Western States from Illinois to Texas, Nebraska. 



SUBFAMILY SATYKIN^E. 

In this group the palpi are close, elevated, very hairy, 
the discal cells always closed, and the veins of the fore 
wings usually dilated at base. In Debis the eyes are 
hairy, in Satyrus naked, while in Neonympha they vary, 
some species being hairy and others naked. The butter- 
flies in the Eastern United States vary from russet to 
dark wood-brown or nearly black, and in most species 
have eye-spots on the under side of the hind wings at 
least. The larvae are cylindrical, tapering slightly from 
the second segment, the head larger than this segment. 
The body is more or less provided with small tubercles 
supporting hairs. Grass constitutes the principal food- 
plant. The chrysalides are more nearly cylindrical than 
in the preceding subfamily. 

81. Debis Portlandia, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.25 inches. 

Upper surface wood-brown, rather light, the outer 
third a little paler, the division marked by a darker 
shade of the ground color, more pronounced on the fore 
wings, the line dentate with two prominent teeth oppo- 
site the discal cell, from which it bends inward before 
a whitish somewhat oblong costal patch. In this paler 
terminal space there is an anteapical whitish dot in line 
with four or five round dull black spots annulate with 

20 



230 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 




Debis Portlandia, male (natural size). 



yellowish, two of them small, the three larger pupilled 
with dark black. On the hind wings there are five 

snbeqnal rather large 
Fig. 70. eye-spots. The outer 

border is composed of 
two lines slightly paler 
than the ground color, 
with a dark line and a 
dark internal shade. 

Under side brown as 
above, with a violet 
tinge, traversed by two 
brown sinuous lines, be- 
tween which there is a discoidal arc of the same color. 
The eye-spots are brighter and blacker than above, the 
iris yellow and pupil white, the anal one on the hind 
wings double. Those on the fore wings are enclosed in 
an oblong white ring. A similar ring enclosing those of 
the hind wings is crenate, the first and the last cut off 
from the others by cross-lines. The border is composed 
of white, brown, and dark yellow lines. 

This species is to be found in woodlands, the male 
sitting on the body of some tree, from which it flies upon 
the approach of any intruder. After flitting about the 
trespasser upon its domain it returns to the same or an 
adjacent tree. The females are mostly to be found on 
the wild grasses that grow in such places, upon which 
the larvse feed. 

The eggs are obovoid, the base a little flattened, and 
under the middle thereof is a slightly rounded protuber- 
ance of less diameter, smooth. Color greenish white. 
The young larva is cylindrical, head twice the diame- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 231 

ter of any other joint, body tapering slightly from joint 
2 back. Each segment from 3 to 12 is creased, making 
six ridges ; on each of the first and fifth is a minute tu- 
bercle with a rather long hair bent forward, making two 
dorsal rows, with a similar row on the sides, and more 
lower down. Color of body whitish yellow, changing 
to pale green. Head slightly cordate, on each vertex a 
slight protuberance with a long curved hair, and other 
hairs over the surface. Color yellow. 

After the first moult there is but little change, the 
body ending in two long, slender, blunt-tipped tails ; 
color green, tubercles white. After the second moult 
the color is light green, the subdorsal tubercles more 
yellow, horns long, with red tips. After the third moult 
the color is the same. The larva hibernates in this stage, 
moulting twice more after reviving from its lethargy in 
the spring. After the fourth moult the color is yellow- 
green, with dark green dorsal and subdorsal stripes, and 
one below these, all narrow. 

The mature larva is from 1.2 to 1.4 inches long, the 
dorsum much arched, and sloping about equally each 
way from the middle, ending in two small, short, slender 
tails. Each joint is creased, the first ridge broadest and 
bearing many fine whitish tubercles, mostly arranged in 
rows. Color yellow-green striped with dark green and 
yellow. Head yellow-green, the vertices bearing stout, 
tapering horns, red-tipped. 

The chrysalis is .6 of an inch long, green, the ventral 
sides of abdomen whitish ; top of head-cases and edge 
of wing-cases cream color, the surface smooth and glossy. 

The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis in about 
fourteen days, appearing on the wing in July, specimens 



232 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

being seen from this time through most of the season. 
It occurs from Maine to the Rocky Mountains and to 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

82. Neonympha Canthus, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2 inches. 

Upper surface pale brownish gray, the outer third of 
both wings paler, the line of division between this paler 
portion and the basal distinct and dentate. On the fore 
wings this pale band contains three or four blurred ocelli ; 
the hind wings having six, larger and more distinct. The 
outer border contains three lines, two light and one dark, 
besides the dark edge. 

The under side is a little more brown-tinted, the 
darker shade defined on its outer edge by a brown line, 
another brown line cutting the inner third. The terminal 
band has the ocelli all annulate with yellow-buff, out- 
side this buff a brown and then a whitish ring, the first 
and fourth on the fore wings and all on the hind wings 
pupilled with white. There are five ocelli on the fore 
wings and six on the hind wings, the anal one geminate. 
Border as above. 

The eggs are subround, broadest at the base, where 
they are flattened, smooth ; color greenish white. These 
are laid singly on the stems of grass, hatching in about 
seven days. 

The young larva is at first yellow- white, changing 
later to pale green. It is cylindrical, long, slender, the 
last segment bluntly forked ; on each joint a few tubercles, 
from each of which arises a clubbed white hair. The 
head is nearly twice as broad as the second segment, with 
a rounded prominence on each vertex, indented at the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



233 



top with a little tubercle in the middle of the hollow, 
from which springs a bristle ; color light brown. 

After the first moult, which takes place in eight days, 
the more slender tails are pink-tipped, creased trans- 
versely, and on the creases fine white tubercles with 
short bristles. The color is at first greenish yellow, 
but afterwards changes to pale green. 

Along the middle of the back is a dark green stripe 
free from tubercles, and on each edge of this is a 
line of white tubercles, another along the side, and a 
third along the base; between the last two are two 
other white lines. The head is yellowish green, with 
the surface finely tuberculated. On each vertex is a long, 
tapering, rough horn, tipped with brown, and marked 
in front by a reddish stripe, which is extended down the 
side of the face. 

In nine days it moults a second time, when it is .4 of 
an inch long, of the same form as before, and yellowish 
green, with the same tuberculated lines. In fifteen days 
it moults a third time, when it is .55 of an inch long, of 
the same form and color as before, but very soon changes 
to brown and buff. Along the middle of the back is a 
brown stripe, on each side of which is a reddish buff 
band, which changes to greenish on the outer side. There 
is another buff band on the side, through the middle of 
which runs a brown line. The basal ridge is buff. In 
a few days the larvae become lethargic, and in this stale 
they pass the winter. Soon after their revival in the 
spring they moult the fourth time, when they are .62 
of an inch long, pale green, with a dark stripe along the 
back, and a yellowish white one just below ; the two lines 
on the side and the basal stripe of the same color. Tails 

20* 



234 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

green ; head emerald-green, the horns reddish, the stripe 
down the face dark brown. In thirty days they pass 
the fifth and last monlt. 

In some cases they hibernate after the fourth moult, 
when the color is green ; but twenty-four hours after it 
changes to yellow-buff and red-brown, the dorsal stripe 
pale brown ; the bands on each side of a greenish yellow, 
the side brown, with a dull green line running through 
it. The head has the face green, the stripes reddish brown. 

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long, slender, the dor- 
sum arched ; the last segment ending in two long, slender, 
conical tails, which are rough with tubercles. The joints 
are creased with six ridges to a joint, the whole surface 
finely tuberculated, a fine hair arising from each. Color 
of body green, dorsal stripe darker, on each side of this 
a pale green band, on the outer edge of which is a yellow- 
green stripe. On the side a pale green band divided by 
a yellow line. Head with a long, conical, tapering process 
from each vertex, the whole head rough with fine tubercles. 
Color of head yellow-green, the horns red, a brown stripe 
down the sides. 

In a recent communication Mr. W. H. Edwards gives 
the following description of the chrysalis : Length .62 of 
an inch, slender ; much resembles in shape the chrysalis 
of Debis Portlandia, the head-case more produced than in 
that species, bevelled to an edge transversely, excavated 
at the sides ; mesonotum carinated, sides flat, apex almost 
angular, a very little rounded ; color green ; top of head- 
case and dorsal edges of wing buff; a buff mid-dorsal 
stripe, with a buff subdorsal stripe on each side; also a 
faint lateral stripe of the same color. 

Northern States. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



235 



83. Neonympha Gemma, Hub. 

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 

Upper surface gray, with a little wood-brown tint, no 
marks except two darker shades near the middle of the 
outer edge of the hind wing;. 

Under side about the same color, sprinkled with buff 
scales, the outer edge with a slight golden reflection. On 
the fore wings are three not very distinct, wavy, brown, 
transverse lines. On the middle of the outer surface of 
the hind wings is a large oval patch composed of white 
and reddish-brown scales, giving the patcli a slight violet 
tint when seen without a glass. In the outer edge of 
this patch, standing on the inter venular spaces, are four 
roundish, vandyke-brown spots, on each an anchor-shaped 
spot of pale, metallic, bluish scales. The margin of the 
wing towards the apex and anal angle has a border of 
metallic, bluish scales, with dentations up the sides of the 
veins. There are two brown lines on the hind wings, 
besides a brown bordering to the terminal patch. 

The eggs are globular, seemingly smooth, but under 
a high magnifying power are seen to be reticulated in 
irregular hexagons, the ridges flat and broad, having at 
the bottom of each depression a white point. Color yellow- 
ish green. These are deposited on grass, and hatch in 
from three to six days. 

The young larvae are .12 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
a little thickest in the middle, ending in two divergent 
tails, the point blunt and tipped with a white bristle. 
Color white, with white scattering hairs, after a few days 
changing to alternate stripes of white and green. Head 
subpyriform, one-half broader than the second segment, 



236 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

broader than high, with a slight angular depression at the 
summit ; at each vertex a straight, round, divergent horn, 
thick at base, pointed at top. Color of head and hornt 
blackish brown. It moults the first time in from six tc 
nine days, when it is a little thicker in the middle, the 
tails more slender and brown-tipped. Each joint is 
several times creased, and on the summit of each ridge 
is a row of white tubercles with white hairs. Color 
dark green, banded and striped longitudinally with white. 
Head higher, brown, green-tinted in front. 

Moults the second time in from five to ten days, when 
it is .34 of an inch long ; shaped and striped as before. 

Moulting again in from five to eight days, the length 
is .55 of an inch. The color is reddish buif, the summer 
and fall larva? with a dorsal band of dark brown ; the 
subdorsal stripe reduced to a broken dark brown line, 
distinct only at the extreme hinder end of each segment 
from 3 to 10 ; in the middle of each side a dark 
brown stripe, at the base a rounded ridge, buff-colored, 
and below this a brown line. Head green in front, with 
brown stripes, back part and horns gray-brown. The 
spring larvre after the third moult are bright yellow- 
green striped with dark green, tails pink-tipped. They 
remain in this stage from five to six days. 

The chrysalis is .52 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
thickest through joints 6 and 7, shaped much as in the 
preceding species. The color of the dorsum and entire 
abdomen of the summer and fall broods is sordid yellow- 
buff, the wing-, antenna?-, and palpi-cases more yellow, 
the surface finely streaked with brown. In the spring 
brood the color is blue-green, the dorsum streaked ir- 
regularly with whitish green. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 237 

There are three broods of the larvae in a season, each 
moulting only three times in coming to maturity. 
West Virginia to Gulf of Mexico, Southern Illinois. 

84. Neonympha Areolatus, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface wood-brown, somewhat grayish, the 
border-lines faint, and without eye-spots. 

Under side scarcely paler than above, but sprinkled 
with buff scales. Fore wings with three small dark 
brown spots narrowly circled with yellow and containing 
a few silvery scales. Hind wings with five various- 
shaped elongate spots, the long diameter with the length 
of the wing, each with bluish metallic scales, sometimes 
in a bunch, sometimes a buff centre with metallic points 
around it ; each spot circled with buff. There is a 
common, dull, dark yellow line a little in front of the 
middle of the wings, another just touches the end of the 
cell, and a third is submarginal, the last two nearly meet- 
ing at their ends on each wing, forming a broad band 
without change of ground color, in which the ocelli are 
placed; the margin of the wing of the same color. On 
the fore wings these lines are not so distinct as on the 
hind wings. 

The eggs are nearly globular, smooth, but under » 
high magnifying power are seen to be thickly covered 
with shallow depressions. Color pale green. 

The young larva, which hatches in six days, is cylindri- 
cal, the last joint bluntly forked. Color delicate green. 
Over the body are many white hairs, and among these 
are black clubbed hairs in longitudinal rows. Head 
about twice as wide as any joint, a little depressed at the 



238 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

top, upon each vertex a short semiovoid appendage 
tipped with two divergent black hairs ; color black. 
Moults after eight days. 

After the first moult the body is a little arched ; tails 
longer, faintly red. Color of body green, surface thickly 
covered with fine yellowish tubercular points ; the back 
of the head and triangle over the mandibles green, the 
rest red-brown. It is now .22 of an inch long. It moults 
again in nine days, with a length of .3 of an inch, but 
the color does not change. It moults three times in 
coming to maturity. 

The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.3 inches long, 
joints 3 and 4 creased and divided into five ridges, the 
rest into six ; surface thickly covered with small sharp 
tubercles ; tails reddish, slender. Head reddish, on each 
vertex a little conical process. 

The chrysalis is from .48 to .54 of an inch long. The 
color is green, the edges of the carina, wing-cases, and 
top of head-case cream color ; some points and patches 
of whitish. The butterfly emerges from this in about 
ten days. 

The food-plants are grasses, mostly of the coarser 
kinds. (See Addenda.) 

Gulf States ; occasional in New Jersey. 

85. Neonympha Eurytris, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches. 

Upper surface brownish black or wood-brown ; neai 
the outer margin of each wing two eye-spots circled with 
yellow, the small pupils often double. The anterior 
ocellus of the hind wings is often obsolete, and the pos- 
terior is often supplemented by a small one at the anal 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



239 



angle. There are three dark lines forming the outer 
border, — one on the edge and two a little within the 
edge ; and in some specimens the ocelli are in a band 
a little paler than the ground color. 

The under side is drab-gray, both wings crossed by two 
rusty lines ; the ocelli more prominent than above, each 
of the ocelli of the hind wings repeated, with the smaller 
one at the end of the series, and silver traces of two more 
between ; the triple terminal lines as above. 

The egg is of a yellowish-green color, nearly round, 
covered with fine irregularly hexagonal reticulations. 

The young larva hatches from this in eight days. It 
is .08 of an inch long, cylindrical, tapering each way 
from the middle, the last joint ending in two short tails, 
with fine white hairs on the body. Color pinkish white, 
marked longitudinally by seven crimson lines. Head 
subglobose, nearly twice as broad as any other segment, 
depressed slightly at the top, with a small conical process 
from each vertex ; color dark brown. 

In seven days it passes the first moult, when it is .16 of 
an inch long, and changes to drab, of either a green or a 
red tint, with five dull red stripes, the whole surface finely 
but roughly tuberculated, each tubercle emitting a short 
hair. Color of head yellowish finely mottled with red. In 
six days it moults the second time, when it is .24 of an 
inch long, shaped as before, with a fleshy ridge at the 
feet. Color dull ochrey yellow, striped with seven brown 
stripes ; head yellow marked with brown. It feeds four- 
teen days before moulting the third time, when it is .44 
of an inch long. The color is the same marked with 
reddish, the stripes subobsolete. It is thirty days before 
it moults the fourth and last time. 



240 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

The mature larva is 1 inch long, flat at base, the 
dorsum rounded, the last joint forked. Color of dorsum 
yellow-brown, the sides darker ; a dorsal brown band, 
and on each side of this, from joint 4 to joint 11, is a 
series of dark brown patches. The subdorsal area is sep- 
arated from the dorsal by two wavy parallel lines, the 
upper dark, the lower yellowish, and on the side of 
each joint from 5 to 11 there is an oblique dark stripe. 
Basal ridge yellowish, the tails tipped with red. Head 
yellow-brown, with a small conical process on each ver- 
tex. The whole surface of the body is covered with 
sharp tubercles of irregular size, each emitting a short 
brown hair. 

The chrysalis is .5 of an inch long, shaped as Sosybius ; 
cylindrical ; the abdomen stout, and larger than the an- 
terior portion. Color pale yellow-brown, the wing-cases 
and anterior parts streaked with fine, abbreviated brown 
lines ; brown spots on the wing-cases, the abdomen with 
two brown stripes and two rows of brown dots. The 
butterfly emerges in eleven days. 

There are probably two broods in a season, the last 
brood of larvae passing the winter in a torpid state. 
They feed upon grass, the eggs being deposited singly 
upon the blades. They are very sluggish at all times, 
and frequently pass days without eating. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Nebraska. 

86. Neonympha Sosybius, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. 

Upper surface wood-brown, somewhat grayish, the 
border-lines faint, and both wings without ocelli. 

Under side a little paler than the upper, two brown lines 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



241 



crossing the wings, between which is a brown dash at the 
end of the cell of each wing; border-lines three, the 
inner crenate. Near the outer end of the fore wings, 
below the costa, is a black eye-spot annulate with yellow 
and pupilled with pale blue ; there is also a small one be- 
tween this and the costa, and there are traces of three more 
towards the hind margin. The hind wings have two 
distinct ocelli, with a small one before the first, another 
after the second, and traces of two more, with silver, 
between the two. 

The egg is semiovoid, the base flattened, and the 
sides at base rounded ; the surface under a low power 
appears smooth, but under a high magnifying power it 
is seen to be covered with shallow thimble-like depres- 
sions. Color greenish white. 

In four days a larva .09 of an inch long hatches 
from this. The shape is cylindrical, marked by five 
or six longitudinal tuberculated ridges, each tubercle 
emitting a clubbed white hair. Color white. Head 
much larger than the second joint, bilobed, the vertices 
without processes, black. 

After six days it moults the first time and is .2 of 
an inch long, cylindrical, tapering both ways from the 
middle, the last joint forked. The color is light green, 
the tubercles white, with three green stripes ; legs and 
under side green. After seven days it moults the second 
time, the color being blue-green, the head yellow-green. 
In six days it moults the third time, being then .42 of 
an inch long, stout ; color pale green, with the tubercles 
white, head emerald-green. It moults four times in 
coming to maturity. 

The mature larva is .76 of an inch long, cylindrical, 

L a 21 



242 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

thickest in the middle, the last joint ending in divergent 
tails. The color is emerald-green, much covered with fine 
yellow tubercles placed on ridges, caused by the creasing 
of the segments, and with larger tubercles placed in 
longitudinal rows, each emitting a white hair. Head 
round, broader than high, bilobed, covered with yellow, 
conical, fine points. 

The chrysalis is like that of N. Eurytris. The color 
is green, on the abdomen yellow-green ; on each side 
of dorsum of abdomen is a small ridge, and on each 
side of this are three black dots placed in pairs. On 
each side below the wing-cases is a brown stripe ; keel of 
mesonotum brown, with brown mottlings on the wing- 
cases. The imago emerges in thirteen days. 

The eggs are deposited on grass, and there are two 
broods in a season. The butterfly is found with Gemma 
and Eu7'ytris within the edge of the forest, or, if in the 
open country, always near timber. 

Middle and Southern States, Mississippi Valley. 

87. Satyrus Pegala, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 2.5 inches. 

Upper surface blackish brown, a broad buff band on 
the outer part of the fore wings, not reaching either 
margin, and containing a single pupilled ocellus on its 
anterior end. In some female specimens another ocellus 
is found on the posterior end of the band, but more often 
the second ocellus is represented in both sexes by a black 
dot or a small round spot. Near the anal angle of the 
hind wings is a single black ocellus. 

Under side brownish gray, both wings crossed by 
many abbreviated brown lines. The buff band and 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 243 

ocelli of the fore wings repeated, the hind wings with six 
ocelli in two sets of three each. 

The food-plant is coarse wild grass. 

Gulf States ; occasional in New Jersey on the coast ; 
Mount Holly, N. J. 

88. Satyeus Alope, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches. 

There are two dimorphic forms and five varieties and 
sub- varieties of this species, being mostly local instead of 
seasonal. It occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, 
and from the Atlantic to the Pacific : in different parts 
of this region the different forms breed true to their 
type, but on the border-land between these different local- 
ities there are numerous intergrades connecting them 
all. The principal form found in the Atlantic States 
from North Carolina to New York is Alope ; the form 
Nephele in its typical markings occurs in Canada, with 
intergrades in New England and other bordering territory; 
Maritima occurs on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket 
Islands ; Texana is found in Texas ; the one found from 
Illinois to the Rocky Mountains is Olympus; and the 
Pacific slope is represented by Bobpis and Incana. The 
following descriptions of such forms as occur in the 
Eastern United States, as well as of the preparatory 
stages, are abbreviated from Edwards's " Butterflies of 
North America." 

Dimorphic form, Alope, Fab. — Male. — Upper sur- 
face blackish brown, darkest over the basal area ; outer 
margin consisting of two fine parallel lines, a little 
within which is a black stripe. The fore wings have 



244 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

a transverse yellow band beyond the cell, sometimes 
a little ochraceous, and often more or less encroached 
upon by the brown ground. On this area are two ocelli, 
round, black, of variable size, and with or without a 
central point, which is white with blue scales. Be- 
hind the cell is a blackish indistinct sexual dash in the 
males. The hind wings have a small ocellus in a yellow 
ring near the anal angle (often wanting). 

Under side yellow-brown; the band enlarged and of 
a paler color ; the ocelli repeated, enlarged ; the marginal 
lines distinct ; the brown area covered with abbreviated 
darker streaks, which over the base and disks form some- 
what concentric broken rings, limited without by a 
common dark stripe. On the fore wings this stripe 
borders on the yellow band ; on the hind wings it is 
irregularly sinuous from margin to margin, throwing 
out a rounded prominence against the cell, followed by 
a rounded sinus on the median interspace. Across the 
middle of the cell, and below it, a dark stripe ; the extra 
discal area less streaked. The ocelli vary from none to 
six, the full number being most often present, disposed 
in two groups of three, the middle one of each group 
ihe largest; all black, rounded, in narrow yellow 
rings, and with white dots in the centre edged by blue 
scales. 

Female. — This differs from the male in the band being 
generally broader, clearer, and well defined on both edges, 
the ocelli well developed, with occasionally additional 
black points on the hind wings corresponding to the ocelli 
on the under side. X larger percentage than of the 
males have no ocelli on the under side of the hind wings. 

New York to North Carolina. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 245 

Var. Maeitima, Edw. — This form is of small size, 
dark color, and the band on the fore wings reddish 
yellow. 

Martha's Vineyard, Long Island, Eastern New Jersey. 

Dimorphic form, Nephele, Kirby. — Male. — Upper 
surface blackish brown, the marginal lines and stripe 
as in Alope, but often obsolete. The fore wings have 
two small black ocelli, placed as in Alope, without ring 
or band, but in some examples a faint yellowish shade 
represents the ring ; sometimes a white dot in each ocellus, 
but usually the lower one is blind. Hind wings with 
or without ocellus, but if present it is blind and without 
ring. 

Under side dark yellow-brown, faintly streaked as in 
Alope, but with less distinctness, and in many examples 
the discal stripe is nearly or quite obsolete, especially on 
the hind wings. The ocelli of the fore wings are en- 
larged, the rings distinct but not clear yellow, being 
dusky, or more or less obscured. The hind wings have 
small ocelli in fine russet rings, with central white dots 
and a few bluish scales ; the number varies from none to 
six, but the largest proportion have six, and very few 
have less than three. 

Female. — This has the upper side lighter and more 
brown ; the area which in Alope is occupied by the band 
is of a slightly paler shade than the rest of the wing. 
The ocelli are large, with white centres and blue scales, 
and either without rings or imperfectly ringed with 
dusky yellow, the hind wings either with or without an 
ocellus. The under side is paler, the area of the band a 
little lighter than elsewhere, the rings sometimes quite 

21* 






246 T HE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

bright, but oftener dull or obscure yellow. The ocelli 
of the hind wings rarely six, more often less than three, 
sometimes none. 

New England, New York. 

Var. Olympus, Edw. — This equals in size the typical 
form. The males are almost black. The ocelli are very 
small and without rings, but in some examples there is 
a faint russet or yellowish tint about them, and perhaps 
on the space between them. On the under side the rings 
are russet or ochraceous on both wings, and there is 
a perceptible bronzy reflection on the under side of the 
hind wings, especially in the males. 

Illinois to the Rocky Mountains. 

The egg is conoidal, rounded at base and somewhat 
flattened, truncated, the sides slightly convex; marked 
by about eighteen vertical ridges, crossed by numerous 
fine low ridges ; summit rounded, covered with shallow 
cells. Color lemon-yellow. It hatches in from fourteen 
to twenty-eight days. 

The young larva is .1 of an inch long, the head 
considerably larger than the other segments. The body 
is carnation, with seven crimson longitudinal lines, the 
head light lemon-yellow specked with brown ; sparsely 
hairy. On the body there are six rows of long white 
bristles, a part of which point forward and a part back- 
ward. 

The larvae become lethargic soon after leaving the eggs, 
and thus hibernate. As soon as they begin to feed in the 
spring the color changes to pale green with the lines red, 
but later the ground color becomes deep green and the 



t^^^m^m 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 247 

stripes darker green. After the first moult the larva is 
.16 of an inch long, cylindrical, the anterior part the 
thickest, the body ending in two conical tails covered 
with tubercles and bristles. Each joint is creased, the 
ridges bearing many tubercles with long white hairs. 
Color pale green, with seven green stripes, basal ridge 
pale yellow, tails reddish. After twenty-three days it 
moults the second time, when it is much as before. 
Length .3 of an inch, the color yellowish green, with the 
basal side yellow, and the stripes dark green. In four- 
teen days it passes the third moult, the length being 
then .44 of an inch. It moults four times before reach- 
ing maturity. 

The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, cylindrical, 
robust, thickest in the middle, with two sharp, conical, 
divergent tails. Each joint is crossed by five or six 
creases, the ridges covered with fine white papillae, each 
supporting a long or short white hair, if long appressed 
to the surface. Color yellow-green, varying, on some 
the dorsum more yellow ; a dorsal green stripe and a 
basal yellow one, with sometimes a faint yellow lateral 
.ine. Head vivid green. It takes fourteen days to pass 
from the third to the fourth moult, and 
twenty-eight days more to the time when 
the larva ceases feeding and pupates. 

The chrysalis is a little more than half an 
inch long, cylindrical, the abdomen conical, 
the wing-cases slightly raised at the mar- 
gins; head-case short, roundly excavated at 
the sides, the top narrow. The male is one 
shade of either yellow-green or deep green, covered with 
smooth specks and patches of lighter color, with several 




248 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

cream-colored lines. The female has three longitudinal 
yellowish bands. The butterfly emerges in fourteen 
days. 

The larva feeds on meadow-grass, and the butterfly is 
found mostly in the open fields, differing in both par- 
ticulars from Pegala. 

89. Chionobus Jutta, Hub. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface wood-brown or grayish brown . 
the fore wings with an oblique shade below the cell, and 
with a subterminal row of six yellowish spots, the first, 
third, and sixth small, with or without black central 
points, the others with each a round black spot. Hind 
wings with four yellowish patches more or less shading 
into the ground color, the anal one with a small black 
spot, and traces of one in the patch next to this. 

Under side of the fore wings much as in C. Semidea. 
Color about as above, crossed by a great number of ab- 
breviated dark brown lines, obscure on the fore wings, 
except along the costa and near the apex, where the 
brown is more distinct and alternate with gray. About 
five of the yellowish patches are visible, only two of 
them distinct, and these have round black spots pupilled 
with white. The hind wings are much darker than the 
fore wings, and the dark marks are not distinctly defined ; 
sprinkled with white scales over the basal third, and an 
irregular band of these beyond the cell and along the 
outer margin ; a submarginal row of intervenular white 
points. 

Female. — Upper surface of fore wings as in the male, 
only the yellowish patches are expanded and somewhat 



^HBI^H 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



2-J9 



blended. On the hind wings, instead of the subter- 
minal row there is a broad terminal suffusion of yellow- 
ish and brown, with mere traces of an anal spot. 

Under surface as in the males, except that the hind 
wings are lighter, the dark brown lines more clearly de- 
fined and alternating with grayish and yellowish brown, 
the bands and points of white as in the male. 

This species occurs in the northern parts of both 
Europe and America, but Orono, Maine, is the only 
place where it has been found in the United States. 
The larva is unknown, but it is probable that it feeds 
on Carex. 



^ig. 72. 



90. Chionobus Semidea, Say. 

Expanse of wings 1.9 inches. 

Upper surface clear wood-brown, the darker mark- 
ings of the under side showing through a little ; costa 
spotted with white, dark brown, 
and pale gray-brown. Fringes 
pale whitish towards the apex, 
widely cut with brown at the 
ends of the veins. 

Under side about the same 
color as above, the fore wings 
traversed by a great many ab- 
breviated lines, which are obscure 
dark brown, except on the costa 
and apical portion, where the 
marks are dark umber-brown 
alternating with white. The 

marks are somewhat gathered into bands just beyond 
the cell. Hind wings much as the fore wings, only that 




Chionobus Semidea, under side. 



^50 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the dark lines are all clear dark brown, inclined to be 
gathered into bands through the cell and beyond it ; the 
alternating light spots before the first and beyond the 
last are white or whitish, making two irregular whitish 
bands, with more sprinkling of white along the veins 
beyond the outer whitish band. Antennoe annnlate with 
brown and white, the knob fulvous. 

The larva is said to feed on Car ex rigida. 

White Mountains, X.H. 



SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEIX.E. 

The insects of the one mentis belono-ino- to this sub- 
family are readily known by their long, beak-like, por- 
rect palpi, and by the males having four feet adapted for 
walking, while the females have six. 

91. Libythea Bachmaxxi, KirtL 

Expanse of wings 1.8 inches. 

This species is readily known by the beak-like palpi, 
which are abotit three times as long as the head, and the 
quadrate apex to the fore wings. The upper surface is 
brownish black on the fore wings ; the lower half of the 
cell, and the space below that, about twice as large, are 
fulvous, with a patch of the same at the end of the cell 
of the hind wino-s. The fore wino-s have a white ante- 
apical patch, at the end of the cell an oblique white bar, 
with a quadrate white spot beyond its posterior end. 

The under side is brown, the fulvous area enlarged, 
the hind wings and tips of the fore wings lilac-tinted, 
the white spots repeated. The under side of the male is 
clouded with cretaceous. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 251 

The egg is of a pale green color, in shape an oblate 
spheroid, somewhat pointed at the base, and a little 
truncated and depressed at the summit, marked by eigh- 
teen or twenty longitudinal ribs, crossed by corrugations. 
This hatches in about four days. 

The young larva is .04 of an inch in length, cvlin- 
drieai. each joint with four transverse creases; covered 
with line short down. Color green, semi-translucent. 
Head twice as broad as joint 2 ; obovoid ; color yellow- 
brown. 

After the first moult, which takes place in two days. 
the length is .03 or .09 of an inch. In two days more 
it passes the second moult, and the length is .12 of an 
inch. Upper side dark green, a faint shade of yellow 
over and alono; the basal rido-e, rather macular. In two 
days more it passes the third moult, when the length is 
from .20 to .28 of an inch. The color is dull green, 
yellowish along and over the basal ridge, specked with 
white or yellow-white as before this moult. In two 
days more it passes to the fourth moult. 

The mature larva is from .7 to .9 of an inch long. 
cylindrical, thickened at joints 3 and 4, the dorsum 
of the last segment abruptly curved down to the end. 
Color dark green, the lower side, and also the feet and 
legs, pale green. It is creased as in the preceding stages. 
and on the ridges are pale or whitish yellow points. 
Along the sides is a supra-stigmatal stripe, above which 
the color is yellowish for a little way, also a narrow 
dorsal line, sometimes a subdorsal one. Head ovoid, 
smooth, green. 

The chrysalis is half an inch long, compressed ; head- 
case square, mesonotal process rounded. Color blue- 






252 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

green, a faint yellow dorsal line from the last joint t< 
the middle, where it forks, sending a branch over each 
wing-cover to the tip of the head-case, where they meet ; 
a lateral abdominal yellow line. The abdomen marked 
with many white tubercles. 

This butterfly differs from most others in that the 
males have only four feet developed for walking, while 
the females have all six fully developed. The eggs are 
deposited in the developing ends of twigs of Celtis 
octidentalis on the partially-developed leaves, only one 
to a leaf. The time for reaching maturity after the 
fourth moult is four days, and the pupal period is from 
five to seven days. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Texas, Arizona. 

FAMILY ERYCINID^E. 

This family is represented by small or medium-sized 
butterflies, with the same arrangement of feet as the last 
subfamily of the Nymphalidse, or the males with four 
feet and the females with six ; but they may readily be 
known from the LibytheinaB by the palpi, which are 
short or only of moderate length. Little is known of the 
preparatory stages, but, according to Mr. H. W. Bates, 
" the metamorphoses are variable, some genera resem- 
bling the NymphalidaB, in the chrysalis being suspended 
by the tail, and others the LycaBnidse, in being recumbent 
and girt with a silken thread. Too little is known of 
the caterpillars to enable us to say whether they offer 
any peculiarity." The preparatory stages offer good 
bases of classification, often showing the relation one 
group bears to another even when the imagines do not 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 253 

show this so clearly. The feet indicate that this family 
should follow Nymphalidse, while the preparatory stages 
of Lemonias Nais show that they should come next to 
the Lyca3nidse on the other side. Nearly all the species 
are found in America, mostly in the tropics. 

SUBFAMILY ERYCININJE. 

92. Calephelis CiENius, Linn. 

Expanse of wings .8 of an inch. 

Upper surface ferruginous, the wings crossed by four 
or five more or less sinuous blackish lines, almost separa- 
ble into spots. Beyond these are two lines of shining 
black-lead color, the inner sinuous; a row of black 
points between them. 

Under side yellow fulvous, the lines and spots more 
distinct. Fringes blackish. 

Southern States. 

93. Calephelis Borealis, Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.2 inches. 

Upper surface umber-brown, shaded a little with red- 
dish, both wings with four transverse sinuous lines of 
dark brown, the space along the outer row darker-shaded , 
near the outer margin two metallic lead-colored lines, 
with a row of dots between, the inner line sinuous. 
Outer margin reddish. 

Under side yellowish orange, with the rows and spots 
of the upper surface repeated, but with less distinctness, 
except the metallic lead lines. 

This species has been found in New York, New Jersey, 
West Virginia, Michigan, and Illinois. 

22 



254 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

94. Eumenia Atala, Poey. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface black, the fore wings washed 
with green three-fourths the distance from the base to 
the apex. Hind wings with a little green on each side 
of the median vein, and with a broad border of inter- 
vcnular blue-green lunules. 

Under side black ; the fore wings without marks ; the 
hind wings with three rows of small blue-green spots, 
the outer two parallel with the outer margin, the inner 
sinuous, just beyond the cell. On the inner margin is 
a large, somewhat oblong, reddish-orange patch, dentate 
towards the base, extending from the middle of the 
margin to near the base. Fringes black. 

Body black ; abdomen, except a portion of the base 
above, orange. 

Female. — This differs from the male in having the 
green scales sprinkled throughout the discal cell of the 
fore wings and sometimes below this ; the border lunules 
of the hind wings slightly yellowish green ; the spots 
on the under side yellowish green ; and the apex above 
and below bluish ; fringe white. 

Florida. (See Addenda.) 

FAMILY LYCiENID^S. 

These are mostly small butterflies, having six feet 
adapted for walking. The larvae are more or less oblong- 
oval or oval, with the head retractile into the second 
segment, and a dorsal tuberculous ridge. The chrysalis 
is short, attached by the anal extremity, with the tip of 
the abdomen bent forward and the body girt about with 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 255 

a silken thread much as in the Papilionidse, but closer to 
the object to which it is attached. The number of feet 
and the manner of attaching the chrysalides would imply 
close relationship with the Papilionidse, and some authors 
place them next to that family ; but the head of the 
adult closely appressed against the body, the larvae, by 
their shape, retractile heads, short feet, and manner of 
moving over a surface, suggesting the Limacodes group 
of the Bombycidse, and the shape of the eggs somewhat 
like those of the Hesperidse, all seem to indicate that 
they should be placed below the Nymphalidse and the 
Erycinidae. There are two subfamilies, Theclinae and 
Lycseninse. 

SUBFAMILY THECLINAE. 

These generally have a rather stout body, the palpi 
very short, and the antennas reaching to the middle of 
the fore wings ; often the anal angle more or less pro- 
duced, with one or two slender tails projecting from the 
outer margin near the anal angle. 

95. Thecla Halesus, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.6 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface bright glossy blue, the outer 
fourth black, except towards the anal angle of the hind 
wings, where the border becomes narrow ; a border of 
about the same width on the inner margin ; a black 
sox-mark in the cell of the fore wings. Hind wings 
with two black tails, before the larger of which is a blue 
lunule, with a smaller one each side; the anal angle 
produced. 

Under side brown-black, with a red spot at the base of 



256 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the fore wings, and two more at the base of the hind 
wings, the fore wings with a dash of blue along the 
median vein. The hind wings have the blue lunules 
repeated, with three others standing before these, yellow- 
green in a black ground. 

Body blue-black above, black beneath, with the under 
side of abdomen orange. 

Female. — Larger than the male, about half of each 
wing dull black, and the hind wings have two tails. The 
under side lacks the blue on the fore wings. 

According to Morris, the larva is green, slightly pubes- 
cent, the head testaceous. On the back there is a small 
ray, and on the sides are nine oblique bands of obscure 
green. At the base of the feet is a marginal ray of yel- 
lowish green. The chrysalis is russety painted with 
brown. Food-plant, oak. 

Gulf States, Illinois, Nevada, California, Arizona. 

96. Thecla M Album, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings 1.3 inches. 

Upper surface rich glossy violet-blue, a broad outer 
border and costal margin of black. The hind wings 
have two tails, and a fulvous spot preceded by white at 
the anal angle. 

Under side brownish gray, the fore wings with a single 
white line beyond the middle, bent inward on the second 
median venule, and then outward again below. This is 
continued across the hind wings, making a rude W before 
the tails, from this extending inward to the inner margin. 
Between this and the margin is a second line, the anterior 
half consisting of a series of shallow crescents, the whole 
edged outwardly with black, broken before the first tail 



IMMH^HHH 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. 257 

by an orange patch which extends inward to the first line. 
Outer margin of wing white, with a large pale blue patch 
before second tail, separated from the anal angle by a 
black spot, a white spot in the subcostal area of the 
hind wings towards the base. Tails black, white-tipped. 
Lower part of knob of antennae and costa fulvous. The 
female has the black border on the upper side broader 
than the male. 

The larva is slightly pubescent, pale green, a little 
yellowish, with a dorsal stripe and seven oblique streaks 
of dark green. Head black, a marginal ray of yellow, 
slightly shaded with obscure green on its upper side. 
Food-plant, oak. 

The chrysalis is brownish gray, with the anterior part 
and the wing-cases pale greenish gray. 

Gulf States, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio. 

97. Thecla Favonius, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.3 inches. 

Upper surface brownish black, the male a little the 
brighter. Males with a blackish sex-mark in the cell 
of the fore wings, and a fulvous patch beyond the middle 
of the hind wings, and a smaller spot at the anal angle. 
The females have a similar patch, more or less distinct, 
on the fore wings ; and both sexes have the anal portion 
of the outer margin with a white line just within the 
edge, continuous as a dull streak to the apex. 

The under side is brownish gray, crossed by two white 
broken lines common to both wings, the inner forming 
a W on the hind wings similar to that on the under side 
of M Album, the two converging from before back, the 
outer touching the points of the W, from which the two 

r 22* 



258 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

run parallel to the inner margin. The inner line is 
edged with black within, and the outer black on the out- 
side. A broad fulvous band extends on the outside of 
the second line from the outer point of the W to near the 
apex, where it tapers to a point, with more or less black 
between this and the outer edge. In front of the tails 
pale blue, sprinkled with black, with black at the ana) 
angle. Subcostal patch as in M Album. 

The larva is said to be yellowish green, with a dorsal 
line and eight oblique streaks of dark green. Marginal 
line green, yellow below. 

Chrysalis ash-gray, with two rows of blackish point? 
on each side of the abdominal rings. 

Gulf States, South Carolina. 

98. Thecla Autolyctjs, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.05 to 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface brown, the fore wings with a large 
patch of clear ochraceous in the outer half, in some 
examples almost a broad band nearly from margin to 
margin, or it may be subtriangular, with a blackish 
sex-mark in the cell. Hind wings with a patch of the 
same before the tails, and a little fulvous at the anal 
angle. Tails two ; between their bases there is usually 
a black spot. 

Under side brownish gray or fawn color, with two 
white, more or less broken lines ; the two on the fore 
wings, and the inner one on the hind wings, edged with 
brown, the other with a black border, the position of the 
edging as in Favonias. The inner line of the hind wings 
makes a shallow W, the outer line sending out three den- 
tations, one opposite each tail and one opposite the anal 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 259 

angle. The outer line has a series of fulvous crescents 
outside the black, and beyond this a black spot at the 
anal angle, one between the bases of the tails, and between 
these there is a pale blue patch. 
Texas, Missouri. 

99. Thecla Humtjli, Harr. 

Expanse of wings from 1.05 to 1.2 inches. 

Upper surface blackish, with a slight blue-gray tint, 
the males with a blackish patch at the end of the cell of 
the fore wings. Along the outer margin of the hind 
wings is a series of more or less distinct pale blue spots, 
interrupted by a large orange crescent enclosing a black 
spot, the blue spot towards the anal angle with a similar 
black spot ; an orange spot at the anal angle. Margin 
of hind wing black, with a white line within ; two slender 
tails, tipped with white. 

Under side gray, two blackish-brown lines crossing 
both wings, the inner edged externally, and very slightly 
internally, with white, and the outer on the hind Avings 
faintly edged on the inside with white ; these two lines 
converging a little posteriorly, the inner, on the hind 
wings, forming a very shallow W. The orange and 
black spots of the upper surface are repeated, but the 
orange is enlarged to a patch ; the anal angle is black, 
with an orange spot before it. Both wings have black 
outer margins, supplemented with white on the hind 
wings. 

The larvae are " green, downy caterpillars," feeding on 
the common hop-vine. The butterfly is to be seen in 
May. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Montana. 



wmmgm 



260 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

100. Thecla Acadica, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 

Upper surface dark grayish brown, costal edge of both 
wings red or reddish, the males with the usual subcostal 
sex-mark. Hind wings with one tail, a very slight angle 
in place of the second. The anal portion of the hind 
wings edged with white, and before this a distinct fulvous 
band. 

Under side gray, varying from brownish gray to gray- 
white. At the end of each cell a short bar edged Avith 
white. Beyond this a bent row of black spots surrounded 
with white, those on the hind wings not reaching the 
inner margin. Beyond these is a row of black crescent- 
like spots, bordered within with white and without by 
fulvous, the latter fading out towards the apex of the 
fore wings; the last and the third from the last on the 
hind wings large, with the usual blue patch between 
them, these two with a black outer edging. 

Of the preparatory stages of this species Mr. Wm. 
Saunders gives substantially the following. Found feed- 
ing on willow four succeeding years. Length .63 of an 
inch, onisciform. Head very small, pale brown and 
shining, drawn within joint 2 when at rest. Body above 
green, of a moderately dark shade, thickly covered with 
very short whitish hairs, scarcely visible without a lens. 
From joint 3 to 10 a dorsal line of darker green than 
the ground color. Dorsal region flat; rather wide; bor- 
der, a raised whitish-yellow line, beginning at joint 3 and 
fading out on joints 12 and 13. Sides of body inclined 
at an almost acute angle and faintly striped with oblique 
greenish-yellow lines. A whitish-yellow line borders 



MHHM 






eastern united states. 261 

the under surface, beginning on joint 2 and extending 
round the hind end of the body. This line is raised the 
same as that bordering the dorsal ridge. 

The chrysalis is .32 of an inch long, thickly covered 
with minute hairs. Color pale brown, with many dots 
and patches of darker shade, a dark ventral stripe from 
joint 7 to the end of the body. Sides with four or five 
short lines of dark brown. 

Northern States, Montana, Nevada, Arizona. 

101. Thecla Edwardsii, Saund. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface pale wood-brown, the male with the 
usual subcostal sex-mark, hind wings with one short tail 
and an angle in place of the second tail ; two faint black- 
ish spots on the hind wings, one between the tail and the 
angle, and the other towards the anal angle, faint orange 
crescents before each. 

Under side paler than the upper, two rows of spots 
across eacli wing as in the lines of the preceding species, 
but here they are shorter, with spaces between. The spots 
of the inner row, except the last two on the hind wings, 
are oblong and oval, each surrounded with white, the last 
two longer than the others. The outer row is a series 
of blackish crescents, edged on the inner side with white, 
on the outside with orange, fading out towards the apex 
of the fore wings, more prominent at the anal portion 
of the hind wings; the usual blue patch between the 
next to the last and the margin, and the two black spots 
of the other species. At the end of the discal cell a spot 
similar to the spots of the inner row. 

Maine to Nebraska, Colorado. 



262 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

102. Thecla Wittfeldii, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.7 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface black-brown ; fore wings have 
a, large oval stigma; hind wings have the edge of the 
hind or outer margin on posterior half pure metallic 
blue ; a large fulvous spot in second median interspace 
over a black spot on the margin ; two tails, the posterior 
one very long, measuring .24 of an inch on the anterior 
side, the other .1 of an inch ; black tipped with white. 
Fringes of fore wings fuscous, of hind wings the same 
to the upper median venule, then white, and next anal 
angle long, brown, with a whitish line running through 
them. 

Under side dark brown, the outer margins narrowly 
edged with white; the costal edge of the fore wings 
next the base red. Both wings are crossed by two 
macular white lines, the outer one submarginal, nearly 
parallel to the margin, and quite regular, broken at the 
venules, crenated on posterior half of hind wings, and 
ending in an oblique streak up the inner margin ; each 
spot edged with black on outer side, and on fore wings, 
in the median interspaces, there is more or less fulvous 
outside the black. On the hind wings is a large spot 
on the margin below the lower median venule,* made 
by blue- white scales on the brown ground ; in the next 
interspace are three deep red fulvous spots, diminishing 
gradually in size, the outer one sometimes obsolete, the 
largest with a black patch on its marginal side. Anal 
angle black, overlaid on inner margin by white and a red 
streak. The inner of the two lines is extra-discal, some- 
what irregular, especially on the hind wings, and joins 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 263 

the other at the lower median venule of the hind wings, 
then makes an angle in submedian interspace, and ends 
in a streak up the inner margin. In the cell of each 
wing are two parallel abbreviated white streaks or bars. 

Female. — Upper side as in the male except the stigma. 
The tails measure .26 and .12 of an inch respectively. 
Under side as in the male. 

This species differs from Calanus in the longer tails, 
in the larger size, and in the inner of the two lines on 
the under side being single, whereas in Calanus it is 
double or chain-like. 

Indian River, Florida. 



103. Thecla Calanus, Hub. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface dark wood-brown, with slight brassy 
green reflection, the males with the usual sex-mark ; hind 
wings with two tails, both 
rather short ; a fine, white Fig. 73. 

marginal line from the anal 
angle to the longest tail, with 
a black mark between the 
tails. 

Under side grayish brown ; 
both wings crossed by two 

° m ' Thecla Calanus, male, the under sidi 

darker, broken lines, on the attheioft. 

hind wings both lines white, 

edged on both sides, but more distinctly so on the out- 
side of the inner line and on the inside of the outer line. 
These parts of the lines on the fore wings are distinctly 
white, but only now and then a few white scales on the 
other side of these lines. On the hind wings the outer 




264 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

line shows the open W mark, but the inner is broken at 
the second median venule, both extending some distance 
up the inner margin. The black spot between the tails 
is repeated, another at the anal angle, the space between 
these spots, the line and the edge of the wing, being filled 
with blue and black scales. Next to the outer line are 
three orange crescents, one before each black spot, and 
one in the first median interspace. At the end of the 
cell on both wings is a short double bar edged on both 
sides with white. 

Var. Lorata, Gr. — Rob. — This is a form in which 
the under side has an extra basal streak common to 
both wings, composed of powdery dark blue scales. 
This is slightly irregular, and is lost inferiorly among 
the longer scales which clothe the inner margin of the 
hind wings. 

The larva, according to Mr. Wm. Saunders, has the 
head small, pale greenish yellow, with a minute black 
dot on each side. Body yellowish green, streaked above 
with yellowish white, and thickly covered with fine, 
short, white hairs ; second joint of a darker shade of 
green than the rest of the body. A dark green dorsal 
stripe on joints 3 to 5, the full width of the dorsal crest; 
narrow on the four terminal joints, almost obsolete on 
those intermediate. A faint whitish dorsal line runs 
through the entire stripe. Dorsal crest edged with yel- 
lowish white, most apparent where it borders the darker 
portions of the dorsal stripe. Sides of the body with a 
few faint oblique lines of yellowish white. Body mar- 
gined on each side with the same color close to the under 
surface, extending round the posterior joint. 

After the last moult the body becomes more whitish 



M^MH^HHHBMH^^H 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. 265 

green, with the dorsal stripe greenish brown. On joint 
5 a streak of dark brown crosses the end of the dorsal 
stripe, extending down the sides ; with several brown 
dots along the sides. Joints 10 and 11 with an oblique 
brown streak on each side. The sides of the body with 
five or six oblique white lines. 

Before pupating the larva assumes a delicate pink 
color. 

The chrysalis is .4 of an inch long, pale brown, 
sprinkled with many dots of a darker shade, is thickly 
covered with short yellow hairs, and has a ventral line 
of dark brown. 

The larvse feed on oak. 

Atlantic and Western States, Texas, Colorado, New 
Mexico. Yar. Lorata is found in West Virginia. 

104. Thecla Ontario, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface dark grayish brown, fore wings of male 
with an oval sex-mark near the costal margin ; and one 
tail, and an angle in place of the second. From the base 
of tail to the anal angle a fine white marginal line, with 
a few fulvous scales at the anal angle. Between the first 
and second median venules is an indistinct marginal 
dark spot, in front of which is a small fulvous crescent. 

Under side uniform light brown, with two transverse 
lines, common to both wings, much as in T. Humuli. 
The inner line of the fore wings is edged without with 
white, as is also the corresponding one on the hind wings. 
The outer line on the fore wings is indistinct at the ex- 
tremities, and shows a very little external white edging 
through the middle ; but on the hind wings this line is 
M 28 



-26G 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



distinctly white-edged internally. On the hind wings 
the inner line forms a shallow W, the outer line being 
dentate in this part of its course, both extending part 
way up the inner margin. The black spot of the uppei 
side is repeated, with another at the anal angle. The 
outer line has along its course from in front of the black 
spot back to the inner margin a fulvous stripe, with a 
large light blue patch between the black spots. 

The body above is fuscous ; beneath, abdomen ashy 
brown, thorax blue-gray ; palpi white tipped with black; 
antennae annulatcd white and black ; club black tipped 
with ferruginous. 

New England States. 

105. Theola Stkigosa, Harr. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches. 

Upper side dark brown, the males without spots ; but 

the females sometimes have a fulvous spot near the anal 
angle, and they are paler in color. 
Under side pale reddish brown. 
The outer part of both wings is 
crossed by four irregular, rather 
wavy, white lines, varying a little 
in different specimens, but the 
two inner ones on the fore wings 
approach each other on the hind 
margin. The third is shorter 
than the second, and the fourth 
reaches only to the middle of the 
wing. The inner line on the hind 
wings extends nearly across, then, 

bending, runs pert way up the inner margin, preceded in 




Tiiecl^, utricosa, the lower 
showing under eide. 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. 267 

the last part of its course by another line nearly parallel 
to it. Above the termination of these two is a circlet 
of white on the margin. The outer line is short, and 
limited to the middle of the wing. The fore wings have 
a submarginal row of indistinct brown lunules, edged on 
the inside with white; the hind wings have a similar 
series, which are bright red towards the anal angle, and 
edged on the inner side with black followed by white, 
and enclosing, next to the anal angle, a large black space 
which is nearly covered with blue scales. Beyond this 
is a small black spot ; and there is another at the angle, 
surmounted by a red stripe, edged like the lunules, and 
extending up the inner margin. The lunules next the 
apex usually exhibit a few scales of red. The margins 
of both wings are edged with a fine whitish line. 

The body is fuscous, beneath grayish white ; palpi 
white, the upper joint black tipped with white ; antennas 
annulated black and white: club fuscous tipped with 
white. 

According to Mr. Wm. Saunders, the larva feeds on 
a species of thorn (Crataegus). The following is his 
description of it : 

Length half an inch. Head greenish brown. Body 
flattened, sloping abruptly at the sides. Color velvet- 
green, with a darker-colored dorsal stripe. The anterior 
edge of second segment yellowish brown, with a few 
darker dots ; the middle segment is laterally striped with 
two or three faint yellow oblique lines, the last two seg- 
ments have each a lateral yellow patch, and there is a 
faint yellow basal line from the fifth to the terminal 
segment. Under surface bluish green. 

The chrysalis is .37 of an inch, long, nearly oval ; the 



2G8 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

head-case rounded. The body is dark reddish brown, 
with black markings, and thickly covered with fine 
hairs. The anterior segments have many black patches 
on them, and there is a dark ventral line from joint 
6 to joint 12. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Montana, Colo- 
rado. 

106. Thecla Smilacis, Bd. — Lee, 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

The upper surface dark brown ; the middle area of 
both wings, except a broad costal border, ochraceous 
between the veins. Hind wings with two slender tails, 
black tipped with white. 

Under side yellowish green, sprinkled with brown 
scales, the end of the cell and along hind margin of fore 
wings, and the middle portion of the outer fourth of hind 
wings, washed with brown having a violet tinge. On 
the hind wings a curving white bar at the end of the coll, 
and a straight subcostal bar shaded outside witli ferru- 
ginous brown. Beyond the cell a prominent white line, 
sinuous on the hind wings, heavily shaded internally 
with ferruginous brown. Edge of wings white; on the 
hind wings between this and the white line, from the 
inner margin towards the apex, is a series of five brown- 
black spots slightly edged internally with white, the first 
and third supplemented by two others nearer the margin. 
Between these spots and the edge the space is covered 
with a mixture of white, black, and brown scales. End 
of veins black. 

It is said that the larva of this species is green, with 
the head and feet blackish. It has four rows of red spots, 



^■M^^MMIMHn 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 269 

of which the two dorsal are formed of smaller spots, and 
the one on each side is composed of spots which are some- 
what larger. 

The chrysalis is grayish brown, with the abdomen 
more clear and reddish. 

The larva feeds on Smilax. 

Atlantic and Western States, Northwest Texas. 

107. Thecla Acis, Drury. 

Expanse of wings about 1 inch. 

Upper side of fore wings entirely dark brown, with- 
out any marks or spots. Hind wings the same color ; 
each wing with two tails, the one near the anal angle 
much longer than the other. Close above this tail is a 
bright red spot, edged outwardly with black, and another 
at the anal angle. Fringes white. 

Under side of both wings lead color. A very narrow 
black and white line crosses the fore wings, parallel to 
the outer margin ; and an indented, irregular line crosses 
the hind wings, beginning near the middle of the anterior 
edge, and meeting just below the extremity of the body. 
Two long reddish spots are visible on this side, below 
which are four black ones. 

The above is substantially Drury's description. A 
female from Florida Keys differed a little, as the follow- 
ing will show. 

Color of the upper side brown, with the inner half 
of the hind margin of the fore Avings and the inner half 
of the hind wings bright blue. Only the anal red spot 
is visible. 

On the under side the common black and white line is 
prominent on both wings; outside this on the hind wings 

28* 



270 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

is a trace of another from the apex, meeting the inner 
line before the shorter tail, but renewed again before the 
inner or longer tail, from which it goes to the inner 
margin. Before the space between the base of the two 
tails and the inner line is a patch of orange shading 
into yellow outwardly, with a little yellow outside the 
outer line near the inner margin. Between the orange 
patch and the outer margin is a spot of red and black at 
the anal angle, with a patch of blue and black between. 
Between the orange patch and the apex the outer line is 
bordered externally by a black shading, and outside of 
this some pale gray scales. 

Basal third of costa orange. Antennae black annu- 
late with white; knob black tipped with orange. 

Key "West, Florida. 

108. Thecla Poeas, Hub. 

Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface blackish brown, in some specimens 
entirely so, in others a few blue scales along the inner 
margin of the hind wings, in still others nearly all the 
hind margin blue, with the same color extending over the 
base of the fore wings. In such blue- washed specimens 
there is a series of marginal black lunules along the 
outer margin of the hind wings. The hind wings have 
two unequal tails, black tipped with white." The costa 
of the fore wings red-edged, more distinctly seen on the 
under side. 

Under side brownish or russety gray, with two lines 
beyond the middle, common to both wings, as in allied 
species. The inner is clear white, edged on the inside with 
narrow black, and farther in heavily shaded with reddish 



MMMHmMHH^MMM 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 271 

orange ; the line making an open W near the anal angle 
of the hind wings. Outer line black, more or less ob- 
solete on the fore wings, on the hind wings shaded more 
or less with white on both sides ; the usual black spot 
between the base of the tails and at the anal angle, with 
the blue patch between. In some examples the black 
extends as a shade along the margin towards the apex ; 
in one specimen the black spot between the tails is pre- 
ceded by a reddish-orange crescent. Both wings have 
traces of discal bars. 

Southern States, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana. 

109. Thecla Columella, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Male. — Upper surface grayish brown, a large, quad- 
rate, blackish stigma in the end of the cell of the fore 
wings. The hind wings have one tail, and about two 
black spots near the anal angle. 

Under side gray, with a distinct lilac reflection. The 
fore wings have a dark bar across the end of the cell, 
somewhat obscure ; beyond the cell is a slightly-bent row 
of black spots, not reaching the hind margin, each convex 
outwardly and bordered with white. Outside this are 
two rows, parallel with the outer margin, of faint white 
lunules, with a dusky shade between the rows and out- 
side the outer row. 

The hind wings have the bar across the end of the cell, 
a dot in the cell and one above near the edge, the curved 
row of black and white spots continuous with the fore 
wings ; all having a slight sprinkling of orange scales 
on the black. Outside the line of spots are also the two 
rows of white lunules and dusky shades, a little more 



272 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

distinct than on the fore wings. In the outer row, be- 
tween the second and third median venules, is an orange 
patch with a black spot outside, the two colors blending 
on their edges ; a black spot at the anal angle sprinkled 
a little with orange, and a blue patcli between them. 
Fringe whitish, tail black. 

Female. — Of the same color above as the male, ex- 
cept that the inner half of the hind wings is washed 
with pale blue, and the outer margin of the hind wings 
has about five black spots. The stigma of the fore wings 
absent. 

The under side is the same as the male, but the spots 
and marks are more distinct. Body bluish gray above, 
whitish beneath. 

Florida, Texas ; occasional in New York. 

110. Thecla Augustus, Kirby. 

Expanse of wings from .9 to 1 inch. 

Upper surface dark brown, tinted with rusty brown 
on the outer part of the hind wings, on some examples a 
slight greenish reflection. 

Under side of the fore wings lighter than above and 
more distinct brown, with a faint transverse line marking 
the outer fourth, beyond which is a row of small dots 
continued across the hind wings. The basal half of the 
hind wings is quite dark brown, but the outer half is 
about the shade of the fore wings, the whole sprinkled 
with light purplish scales. There are no tails. 

In Maine this butterfly is on the wing from the middle 
of May to the middle of June. The early stages and 
food-plant are unknown. 

Eastern States. 



m—^^^^^^mmmmammam 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 273 

111. Thecla Irtts, Godt. 

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.25 inches. 

Three forms have until recently been included in this 
species, two of which are still retained as varieties, while 
the third is set apart as the next species. 

Var. Arsace, Bd. — Lee. — This has the upper side 
of the wings dark brown, with greenish reflections. The 
stigma on the fore wings of the males is three times as 
long as wide. 

Under side of the wings blackish brown on the basal 
half, and lighter beyond. The outer part of the fore 
wing is overlaid more or less with white scales. The 
tooth of the hind wing next outside the anal angle 
curves outward, and there is a more or less prominent 
black spot within the margin between the base of the 
tooth mentioned and the one next outside. In the hoary 
outer space of both wings is a transverse row of brown 
points, clouded somewhat on the hind wings. 

This variety is found in the Atlantic and Western 
States. 

Var. Massii, H. Edw. — This form has been found 
only on Vancouver Island. 

Morris says the larva of this species feeds on Vac- 
cinium, and is yellowish green, with two dorsal inter- 
rupted lines ; one lateral line and eight oblique streaks 
pale green. 

112. Thecla Henrici, Gr. — Kob. 

Expanse of wings from .85 inch to 1.1 inches. 
This species closely resembles var. Arsace of the pre- 
ceding species in form and color as well as in markings, 



274 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

but differs in having the outer part of the hind wings 
somewhat rust-colored, the teeth shorter, and the first one 
beyond the anal angle not curving outward, and in want- 
ing the black spots on the under side of the hind wings 
between the bases of the first two teeth. The stigma on 
the fore wings of the males is shorter and wider, being 
only twice as long as wide. It averages smaller than 
var. Arsace. 

According to Mr. Edwards, the eggs are deposited on 
wild plums at the base of the flower-stalks. When 
the young larvse hatch from the eggs they ascend the 
flower-stalks and cat the newly-forming fruit. A hole 
is eaten into the fruit large enough for the head to 
enter, and thenceforward the caterpillar spends most of 
his time with his head in the cavity, growing with the 
growth of the plum, until the whole interior is eaten 
out. 

The eggs are shaped like those of Lyccena Violacea, 
flattened and depressed : about this depression the ridges 
are reduced, and the surface is finely reticulated, but 
elsewhere there is a white frosting of peaks and ridges. 
Color whitish green. The lace-work seems to be sepa- 
rable : in one case where the egg had been rubbed by 
a leaf, apparently, a film was turned up, and the real 
surface was seen to be delicate green. 

In from five to six days the larva hatches. Length 
.04 of an inch, oval, broadest anteriorly, the base 
flattened ; dorsum high, sloping posteriorly ; summit a 
little flattened, with two rows of long, recurved white 
hairs on each side. Color brownish yellow. 

Five days afterwards it moults the first time, when it is 
.08 of an inch long, with a red-brown dorsal stripe stop- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 275 

ping at joint 12 ; on each side of this dull yellow-green, 
with a macular brown subdorsal line. Sides sloping, a 
little incurved, reel-brown, with a broken yellowish line ; 
a similar but continuous line along the basal ridge. Body 
much covered with short, stiff, brown hairs. Head cor- 
date, smooth, yellow-green. 

It moults again in three or four days, when it is .12 of 
an inch long, shaped much as before, with a tuberculous 
ridge across each segment from 4 to 1 1 . Color red-brown 
and dull yellow-green. Dorsal band red, tapering pos- 
teriorly to a point, with a central green line ; outside 
this band a green one, with a red-brown speck on each 
segment. Sides reel-brown, with green central line ; basal 
ridge green. 

In five days it moults the third time, and measures .3 
of an inch ; but seven days later, when ready to pupate, 
it is .56 of an inch long. The summit of the dorsum is 
flattened, a little concave, covered by a broad band cut 
by a paler line; the remainder of the elevated ridges 
yellow-green. Sides red-brown, with an indistinct green 
line. Basal ridge green, head yellow-green. One day 
after moult the color changes to port- wine red ; the sub- 
dorsal area remains yellow-green, but is red-tinted on 
the posterior part of each segment ; the sides the same 
red ; a pale red line along the basal ridge ; about the 
spiracles a little green. 

Chrysalis .3 of an inch long ; black or blackish brown, 
with obscure red band, and on each side a narrow black 
stripe in the middle of the abdomen. In this stage the 
species hibernates. 

West Virginia, Maine. 



276 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

113. Thecla Niphon, Hiib. 

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.15 inches. 

Upper side dark blackish brown, with a large rusty 
brown space in the middle of each wing of the female, 
but only near the anal angle of the male ; the males with 
a small, oval, subcostal sex-mark. 

Under side light brown, sprinkled with white scales 
so as to be hoary, especially in a band beyond the common 
white line. Fore wings with a brown bar at the end of 
the cell, edged outside with white ; a brown spot farther 
towards the base. Beyond the cell a somewhat zigzag 
white line, not reaching the hind margin, bordered within 
by a broader brown line. Beyond this a submarginal 
row of dark brown lunate spots, shaded outside with 
white, and in some examples sending white rays to the 
white spots in the fringe. The hind wings with the 
basal third quite hoary, denned externally by dark brown. 
Cutting the outer third is a tortuous white line shaded 
within with dark brown, the middle third of wing but 
little hoary. The submarginal row of lunules continuous, 
shaded a little with white externally, the space between 
this and the white line quite hoary ; a little washing of 
white along the outer margin. There are no tails, but 
about three prominent teeth or angles to each hind wing. 

The larva is green and pubescent, longitudinal stripes 
on the back, the middle one pale yellow, the other two 
white. Near the feet there is usually a small marginal 
white line. Head brown. 

The chrysalis is grayish, with four rows of small spots, 
of which the two middle ones are blackish and indistinct, 
the others ferruginous. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 211 

Food-plan t, pine. 

Atlantic and Western States, Colorado. 

114. Thecla LiETA, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.1 inches. 

Male. — Upper side black, near the base of the fore 
wings a few scales of deep metallic blue ; next the anal 
angle a band of the same color, which extends half-way 
along the outer margin, sprinkled with black. Beyond 
this a fine line of blue scales follows the margin to the 
outer angle. Anal angle edged with red ; fringe gray. 

Under side of hind wings and apex and costal margin 
of fore wings slate-blue, with a green reflection ; costal 
edge of fore wings red ; disk of same wings smoke-color. 
Beyond the cell, on the costal margin, a transverse, ab- 
breviated series of five small red spots, edged outwardly 
with white, the last two obscured by the smoky hue of 
the disk. 

The hind wings have two series of red spots parallel 
to the outer margin, those of the exterior small, and 
towards the outer angle minute, each more or less sur- 
rounded by a delicate white border, in which are a few 
black scales ; the inner series crosses the middle of the 
wing, is sinuous, the spots large, brighter red and cres- 
cent-shaped, bordered outwardly with white in which 
are a few black scales. Edge of wing at anal angle and 
at the intersection of the adjoining venules red. Body 
black above, beneath white. Antennae annulate white 
and black ; club black, red at tip ; palpi white. 

Female. — Upper side black, the base of fore wings 
and hind margin for two-thirds its length, and all of 
hind wings except the costa, dark metallic blue. Under 

24 



278 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

side greenish gray, losing the green tinge on the hind 
margin of fore wings. In addition to the five spots on 
disk of male there are two blackish, rather indistinct 
spots, below the others, nearer the base. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Maine to West Virginia ; Atlantic City, N. J. ; Ari- 
zona. 

115. Thecla Titus, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface dark wood-brown, the hind wings with 
a marginal row of seven orange spots from the anal angle 
towards the apex or outer angle. On some specimens 
these are partially or wholly wanting. 

Under side grayish brown, with lilac reflections. The 
fore wings with two transverse rows of black spots, the 
inner edged on the outside with white ; the outer smaller, 
touched without with vermilion, and slightly with white 
on the inside. Hind wings with two similar rows, but 
the outer one more distinct and with prominent ver- 
milion spots on the outside, the two anal spots blended, 
each vermilion spot with a few black scales next the 
margin, and some white at the anal angle. Cell with 
two dashes at the end, placed end to end. 

According to Mr. Saunders, this species is to be found 
on wild cherry and plum. When full grown it is .7 of 
an inch long, elliptical. Head very small, bilobed, black, 
and shining, with a streak of dull white across the front 
above the mandibles. Body above dull green, with a yel- 
lowish tint, especially on the anterior joints, and thickly 
covered with very short brown hairs. These arise from 
small pale yellow dots, which are slightly raised. A dark 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 279 

green dorsal line from joint 2 to joint 4 ; a patch of dull 
pink or rose color on anterior joints, faint on joint 2, 
covering but a small portion of its upper surface, nearly 
covering the dorsal crest on joint 3, and reduced again 
to a small faint patch on joint 4. On the posterior joints 
is a much larger rosy patch, extending from the posterior 
of joint 9 to the end of the body ; joint 9 merely tinged, 
enlarged on joint 10 to a considerable-sized patch widen- 
ing posteriorly ; behind this the body covered with rosy 
red. The side of joint 10 close to the under surface 
has a streak of the same color, and there is a faint con- 
tinuation of this on joint 9. There is a wide dorsal 
crest from joint 3 to joint 9. Posterior part of body 
suddenly flattened, sides acutely sloped. 

The chrysalis is .45 of an inch long, glossy pale brown, 
with many small dark brown or blackish dots, and thickly 
covered with very short brown hairs, too fine to be seen 
without a lens. 

New England to Arizona. 



SUBFAMILY LYC^ENIN^E. 

In this the palpi project in front more than the length 
of the head, and the antennae do not reach to the middle 
of the fore wings. The anal angle is rounded, with or 
without one or two slender tails on the outer margin of 
the hind wings. 

116. Feniseca Tarquinius, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.4 inches. 
Upper surface yellow, somewhat orange- tinted. The 
fore wings have a dark brown border, irregular on the 



280 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

inside, and narrow on the hind margin; it sends an 
angle inward near the apex, a bar is at the end of the 
cell, and there is a separate spot below, and a black basal 
dash. The hind wings have the anterior half dark 
brown, the lower edge crenate, with a few small spots 
along the outer margin. 

Under side of fore wings pale yellow ; the costal and 
terminal margins and the whole of the hind wings red- 
dish yellow washed with white, with numerous white 
circles whose enclosed spaces lack the white. The spots 
in the pale yellow part are dark brown. 

The larva feeds on Aphides, on thorn, alder, wild cur- 
rant, Viburnum, and other plants: it is green with three 
dorsal white stripes, and one at the base of the feet. 

Chrysalis grayish; back darker, marked with promi- 
nent tubercles. 

There seem to be two broods of this species in a 
season, as the butterflies have been taken in the same 
locality in June and again in August. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley. 

117. Chrysophanus Dione, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.8 inches. 

Upper surface brownish gray, with slight coppery 
reflections. Hind wings without tails, but angled, the 
anal angle a little produced. Hind wings of female 
with five black lunules along the margin from the anal 
angle, preceded by continuous orange crescents, the 
orange extending to the posterior angle of the fore 
wings. Some of the heavy marks of the under side 
show through. The males have the black lunules, but 
with very little orange. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 28 J 

tinder side grayish white, both wings with a double 
marginal row of dark spots, the outer obscure on the fore 
wings and the apical portion of the hind wings. Be- 
tween the two on the anal half of the hind wings, and a 
little at the posterior angle of the fore wings, the space is 
filled with orange, more prominent in the female. The 
fore wings have a sinuous row of elongate, bright black 
spots across the disk, with two similar spots in the cell, 
a bar at the end, and a spot below. The hind wings 
have spots in the same position, with two subcostal and 
one near the inner margin. 

Iowa to Kansas, Nebraska. 

118. Chrysophantjs Thoe, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface of the male coppery brown, with violet 
reflections, a narrow terminal blackish border. The hind 
wings have an orange fulvous terminal border, crenate 
within, and containing five black lu miles on the black 
edge. The female has the fore wings fulvous, with a 
broad blackish border, and the black spots of the under 
side, except the terminal double row ; hind wings as in 
the male, but more blackish. 

Under side of fore wings fulvous, the terminal border 
of hind wings orange fulvous ; under side of hind wings 
and terminal border of fore wings grayish white, the 
latter growing narrow from the apex back. The posi- 
tion of the black marks is the same as in C. Dione, but 
they are heavier. 

According to Mr. Saunders, the eggs are nearly round, 
a little flattened at the apex, flattened also at the base. 
Color greenish white, thickly indented; at the apex 

24* 



282 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

is a considerable depression, around which the indenta- 
tions are small, increasing in size as they approach the 
base. 

The food-plant is dock, Rumex crispus, and there are 
two broods in a season. 

Maine to Nebraska, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado. 

119. Chrysophanus Epixanthe, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from .85 to 1 inch. 

Upper surface of the male brown, with a strong violet 
reflection, the female more grayish brown, with little of 
the violet reflection. The spots of the under side, except 
the subterminal row, show through somewhat ; and there 
is a sinuous orange fulvous line from the anal angle of 
the hind wings along the margin, fading out about the 
middle. 

Under side yellowish gray, the hind wings of the male 
but little yellow-tinted. The orange fulvous line is re- 
peated, only more distinctly, with scarcely a trace of a 
subterminal row of black spots on the hind wings. On 
the fore wings are three large spots of this row from the 
posterior angle towards the apex. The discal row of spots 
on the fore wings is distinct, as are also the two spots 
and bar of the cell, and the one below the cell. On the 
hind wings the spots are all small, with the bar across 
the cell absent, as also one subcostal spot. 

According to Mr. Saunders, the eggs are nearly round, 
slightly flattened at the apex, flattened also at the base. 
Color milk-white, thickly indented ; a deep depression 
at the apex, and around this a number of indentations, 
which are nearly uniform in size all the way to the 
base, — in this respect differing from the eggs of Thoe. 



HM 






EASTERN UNITED STATES. 283 

Food-plant unknown, but probably dock. The butter- 
fly flies through the last of June and early part of July. 
Maine, New England, Kansas. 

120. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, Bd. 

Expanse of wings from .9 to 1 inch. 

Upper surface of fore wings shining fulvous, with a 
blackish brown border, narrow on the costa and hind 
margin. Beyond the cell is a row of prominent black 
spots, the first three and the other four in sets nearly 
confluent; a spot and bar in the cell. Hind wings 
blackish brown, with a terminal fulvous band, not reach- 
ing the apex, containing four black spots on the edge ; at 
the end of the cell a black bar. 

Under side of fore wings fulvous, paler than above, 
the apex and the whole of hind wing gray, the gray of 
fore wings narrowing backward to the posterior angle. 
The spots of the upper surface are repeated, with some of 
the terminal border of the fore wings. The hind wings 
have two subcostal black spots, two spots in the cell and 
a narrow bar at the end, and a spot below the cell, be- 
sides the usual curved and sinuous discal row, the spots 
of this row white outside. Along the outer margin is a 
crenate orange-red line, shaded within with faint reddish, 
the whole between two faint rows of blackish spots. 

Aberr. var. Fasciata, Strecker, has the transversa 
row of spots on the fore wings much enlarged, 
and blended together so as to make an irreg- 
ular band. 

The egg (Fig. 75) is shaped and marked o.Hypophieas, 
like that of the other species, as shown in the egg > x 16 - 
figure. It is pale green, overlaid with a white net-work 



284 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



According to Mr. Saunders, the larva is elliptical, 
flattened on the under side, dull rosy red, with a diffused 

yellowish tint on the sides, 
Fig. 76. most distinct along the mid- 

dle joints. The dorsal line 
is a deeper shade of red. 
The body is downy with 
minute yellowish hairs. 
This description was taken 
from a larva not fully grown. 
Mr. S. H. Scudder says that 
the larvse are provided with 
long hairs sweeping back- 
ward behind their bodies, 
most of them arranged in 
longitudinal series. 
The chrysalis is attached by the end of the abdomen, 
Fig. 77. anc ^ * s closely girt to the object to which it 
is attached, as in Fig. 77. 

Northern, Middle, and Western States; 
California. 




C. Hypophleas, larva. 



C. Hypophleas, 
pupa. 



121. Lyc^na Lygdamus, Doubl. 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

CJpper surface silver-blue; the males with only the 
edge of the wings black; the females with a rather 
broad black terminal border, a little expanded on the 
apex, and extending round on the costa. Fringes long, 
fuscous. 

Under side uniform gray-brown. The fore wings 
have a small round black spot in the cell, a bent bar 
at its extremity, edged with white. Across the disk is a 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 285 

curved row of large round black spots, the two lower 
ones connected, all annulate with white. The hind wings 
have a small black spot in the cell, another on the costal 
margin, a narrow stripe at the end of the cell, and a sinu- 
ous row of spots within the margin similar to those of 
the fore wings; all edged with white. The under side 
of the female is a little paler than that of the male. 

The larva and food-plant are unknown. The butter- 
flies appear in April. (See Addenda.) 

Michigan, Wisconsin to Georgia, West Virginia. 

122. Lyc^ena Scudderii, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

The male, in size, form, and color, resembles JEgon of 
Europe. Upper side dark violet-blue, outer margin of 
both wings and costal margin of hind wings edged with 
black, costal margin of fore wings with a fine black 
border. Fringe white. 

Under side dark gray. The fore wings have an oval 
black discal spot, and a transverse, tortuous series of six 
black spots, all edged with white, the one next the 
posterior angle double, the fifth twice as large as the 
others; on the outer margin a double series of faint 
spots. 

Hind wings with four black spots near the base, one 
being very minute and close to the inner margin ; a bar 
at the end of the cell, and a series of eight spots in a 
double unequal curve ; all of which, as well as the basal 
spots, are edged with white. There is a marginal series 
of six or seven metallic spots, each surmounted with a 
spot of fulvous bordered inwardly by a dark crescent. 
These metallic spots are edged outwardly, and sometimes 



286 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

replaced, by black. Ends of venules expanded into 
small black spots. 

A more common form of the female has the base of 
both wings violet-blue, and the black marginal spots of 
the hind wings distinct, the two or three next the anal 
angle surmounted with fulvous. Under side as in the 
male. 

A variety of the female lias the upper side brown, 
with a black discal spot on the fore wings. Hind wings 
with a marginal row of obsolete spots surmounted by 
grayish crescents. 

Under side pale buff, fore wings as in the male, except 
that the discal spot is preceded by a small double spot, 
and all the spots are larger. On the hind wings the spots 
are less distinct, and some of them are wanting. The 
transverse series is set in a band of white; marginal 
spots without the metallic gloss. 

New York, Michigan, Wisconsin. 

123. Lycjsna Pseudargiolus, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.4 inches. 

This species is subject to great variation. According 
to the recent observations of Mr. W. H. Edwards, pub- 
lished in his " Butterflies of North America," it may be 
known under the following polymorphic forms, most of 
which have heretofore been regarded as distinct species : 

Winter form 1, Lucia, Kirby. 

Winter form 2, Marginata, Edw. 

Winter form 3, Violacea, Edw. 

Dimorphic,. male, Nigra, Edw. 

Yar. Cinerea, Edw. 

Spring form, Pseudargiolus, Bd. — Lee. 



^^ mmmtmm ^^i mmm ^m mi 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 287 

Var. Arizoniensis, Edw. 

Summer form, Neglecta, Edw. 

Pacific form, Piasus, Bd. 

Var. Echo, Edw. 

The first of these, Imcia, coming from hibernated 
chrysalides, is to be found in spring in Alaska, British 
America to Quebec, Anticosti, New England, New York, 
and Colorado. 

Marginata has a similar range, except that it does not 
occur quite so far north, being found in Ontario, Quebec 
to Long Island, and Colorado. 

Violacea has a more extended range, being found in 
Alaska, vicinity of Lake Winnipeg, British America, 
Ontario, Quebec, Anticosti, New England to West 
Virginia, and Colorado. In the southern part of this 
territory a black male Nigra has been found. 

Var. Qinerea appears to be the winter form in Arizona ; 
under side ash-gray, with the markings obscure. 

Pseudargiolus is a spring form ranging from Racine, 
Wisconsin, south to Tennessee, and on the east extending 
from Pennsylvania to Georgia. 

Var. Arizoniensis is a small form of this, found in 
Arizona. 

Neglecta is a summer form when there is more than 
one generation during a season, ranging from Canada 
through New England to West Virginia and Georgia ; 
occurring also in Montana and Nevada. 

Piasus and its variety Echo are Pacific slope forms, 
found in California and Arizona. 

In general terms, the upper side of the wings of the 
male is a deep azure-blue, with a delicate terminal black 
line. Fringes black on the apical part of the fore wings, 



288 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



Fro. 78. 



but white barred with black on the rest of the fore wings 
and on the hind wings. 

The fore wings of the female have a broad blackish 
outer border, in some examples extending along the 
costa. The hind wings have a blackish costa, and a row 
of dark spots along the outer margin. The ground 
color is usually a lighter blue on the females than on 
the males. 

The under side is a very pale silvery gray, with a 
silky lustre, and there are the following pale brown 
markings : a row of spots along the 
outer margin, each preceded by a cres- 
cent; a curved row of elongate spots 
across the disk of the fore wings ; and 
several small spots on the basal part 
of the hind wings. 

The form Imcia has the terminal 
spots of the under side so enlarged and 
run together as to form a terminal band, 
and the spots on the basal part of the hind wings are 
enlarged and run together so as to form a more or less 
complete triangular discal patch, as shown 
in Fig. 78. This and Marginata are the 
smaller forms. 

Form Marginata has the terminal band 
of the under side as in Lucia, but the 
spots on the basal part of the hind wings 
do not coalesce. 

Form Vtolacea has the dark points 
and crescents on the under side of the 
wings quite prominent, but they do not coalesce, either 
in the outer border or in the basal portion. The black 




Lycaena Pseudargi- 
olus, form Lucia, un- 
der side. 



Fro. 79. 




Lycsena Pseudar- 
giolus, form Viola- 
cea, under side. 



■■^HBH 



■H 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



289 




Lycaena Pseudar 
giolus, form Pseu 
dargiolus, under 
side. 



male Nigra has the under surface the same as in the 
blue Violacea, but the upper surface is black. 

Form Pseudargiolus is the largest of the series, ex- 
panding 1.4 inches. The upper surface y IG go. 
of the male usually has a terminal border 
to the hind wings of the same shade of 
blue as the fore wings, the middle area 
of the hind wings a little paler than this 
border or the fore wings. The spots on 
the under side are much smaller than on 
any of the preceding forms. 

Form Negleda resembles Pseudargio- 
lus, but is smaller, not expanding more than 1.1 inches; 
spots on the under side small, as on Pseudargiolus. 

The Pacific form Piasus is of a deeper blue, the under 
side bluish, with the border spots subobsolete. 

The winter forms of these butterflies deposit their 
eggs in the clusters of flower-buds of dogwood (Cornus), 
the young larvae obtaining their first food by boring into 
the buds, but later eating their way into the ovaries. The 
next brood of eggs are deposited on the flower-stems of 
rattleweed {Cimidjuga racemosa), while the fall brood 
are to be found on Actinomeris squarvosa, and probably 
on A. helianthoides. In confinement they have been 
known to" eat several other plants ; and it is probable 
that where rattleweed does not grow, the second brood 
of larvse feed upon something else. 

The eggs are .02 of an inch in diameter, round, flat 
at base, the top flattened and depressed; the surface 
covered with a white lace- work, the meshes of which are 
mostly lozenge-shaped, with a short rounded process at 



each angle. 



Ground color delicate green. 

25 






290 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

In from four to eight days a larva .04 of an inch long 
hatches from the egg. This has the under side flat, legs 
retractile, upper side rounded, highest at joint 4, from 
which the dorsum and sides slope gradually to joint 13. 
Surface pubescent. On each side of the dorsal line is a 
row of white clubbed hairs, with similar hairs at the 
base and in front of joint 2, making n fringe round the 
body. Color greenish white or brownish yellow. Head 
minute, obovoid, retractile, black. 

After the first moult, which occurs in from three 
to five days, the length is from .07 to .08 of an inch ; 
the color of the spring and fall broods is brownish yel- 
low, that of the summer brood the same, and also green- 
ish white and reddish. 

The second moult occurs in from three to five days 
more, the length being from .12 to .16 of an inch. The 
shape is as before, but the dorsum is covered from joint 
3 to joint 10 by a low, broad, continuous, tuberculous 
ridge, cleft to the body at the juncture of the segments, 
the anterior edge of each joint depressed, the sides in- 
curved. Joint 2 is more flattened than before, and the 
outer border is thickened into a rounded rim, leaving 
within the curve a flattened, depressed space. Col or in 
spring pale green, the dorsum whitish, usually a reddish 
dorsal line from joint 3 to joint 10. In summer vari- 
able, buff or pale green without spots, joint 2 brown ; 
in some the dorsum and sides are mottled with dark 
green and brown ; occasionally one is wine-red, or red 
with a white basal stripe, and white along the tuber- 
culation. In fall dull green, more or less marked with 
brown. 

The third moult takes place in three or four days 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 291 

more, but there is little change from the former period. 
The fourth or last moult occurs three or four days after- 
wards, and in five or six days from this the larva is ready 
to pupate. 

The mature larva is .4 of an inch long in the spring 
and fall broods, and from .5 to .55 in the summer brood ; 
the shape as in the preceding stages. The color is 
variable. In spring, usually the ridge is whitish, often 
stained red, or it is brown, light or dark ; the upper 
part of the side olive-green, with a darker green or 
sometimes a dull red patch along the posterior edge of 
each joint. Below this area it is pale green, and along 
the base more or less brown. Joints 11 to 13 are 
mottled in shades of green, often with brown, and joint 
2 is either green or brown ; if the latter, then with a 
brown patch in the depression. Color in summer, some- 
times white or delicate green, joint 2 being brown ; or the 
ridge is light green and the sides dark, often with brown 
patches over all ; or light green, with a dorsal macular 
deep green band, and a similar one along the base ; or 
the whole surface may be wine-red or even chocolate- 
brown. Color in fall, green, with more or less brown 
in irregular patches. Head dark brown. 

The chrysalis is dark brown or yellow-brown, varying, 
the wing-cases dark, and sometimes green-tinted. On 
the abdomen are two subdorsal rows of blackish dots, 
sometimes a dark dorsal line. 

In addition to the food-plants already given, Apios 
tuberosa, Erythrina lierbacea, Spircca saUcifolia, Ceano- 
ihus Americanus, Cornus, and Ilex may be specified. 



■^■HHHHIH 



292 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

124. Lyoena Comyntas, Godt. 

Expanse of wings from .7 to 1 inch. 

Hind wings with one thread-like tail. The males are 

dark violet-blue above, with a narrow blackish outer 

border. Along the outer margin of 

^^ the hind wings are several black 

* spots, and usually one or two orange 

crescents. The females are blackish 

brown, some specimens with bluish 

at the base, the black spots of the 



•^ 



\ 



Lycfeiia Comyntas, left i . -, n . ■, 

wings, u,der side. hind W1 »g S ° ften obsCUTe. 

Under side whitish gray ; both 
wings with a double row of spots along the outer margin, 
the inner row crescents ; between this and the cells a row 
of black spots circled with white, the row on the hind 
wings broken twice. There is also a bar at the end of 
each cell, and on the hind wings a spot in the cell, and 
one above. Near the anal angle are two or three orange 
crescents, enclosing each a black spot with a circle of 
silver scales. 

According to Mr. Edwards, the eggs of this species 
are deposited on red clover and Desmodium Marilandicum. 
They are round, flattened, depressed at top, covered with 
a frost-work of interlaced points. Color delicate green. 

The young larvae are .05 of an inch long, cylindrical, 
of a yellowish color, except two rows of white points 
along the back, and one near the base on each side. A 
long, curved, white hair has its origin in each of these 
points. Head black and shining, retractile, nearly as 
large as joint 2. 

After the first moult they are .08 of an inch long, 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 293 

onisciforni, flattened, the dorsum flat at the top and 
sloping towards the base. Color greenish, the whole 
surface irregularly dotted with black ; and from most, 
but not all, of the dots come white hairs, those on the 
dorsum curved back, those nearer the base curved partly 
downward and partly back. Head obovate, long, and 
narrow, smaller in proportion to the second segment 
than at the last stage, and partly concealed, even when 
active, in joint 2. Color black. 

After the second moult they are .12 of an inch long, 
broader and Hatter than before. On each side of the 
narrow dorsal ridge is a slightly-raised ridge, caused by 
the tubercles ; at the base of the body a fold, and the 
hairs from this and the ridge are longer than elsewhere. 
Color green, but with a rusty tint, caused by the numer- 
ous reddish points. Above the fold these take the form 
of a line or slight stripe. 

Moulting again, the length is .2 of an inch, and the 
color clear apple-green ; the crests of the dorsal ridge, 
and also the folds at the base, are whitish ; part of the 
way a reddish line on each side of the fold ; also a double 
oblique line of pale green on each side of each segment. 

After the fourth moult they are .36 of an inch long, 
and the width is about one-fourth the length. They 
are of the same general form as before, but highest in 
front, and sloping backward. Color greenish, with darker 
green lines, and oblique vinous lines on the sides. Head 
black. 

The chrysalis is .26 of an inch long, shaped much 
like the mature larva ; of a greenish, brownish, or sordid 
white color, with three rows of black dots, and sparingly 
clothed with whitish hairs. 

25* 



294 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

The above description was taken from larvse fed on 
Desniodium. Those that fed on clover differed in color- 
ation, as follows : color russet, varying towards vinous, 
interspersed with green; at third moult some were pale 
green dorsal ly, the white being caused by the tubercles, 
the sides vinous, the dorsal stripe and oblique lines 
vinous; others had the back as well as the sides vinous, 
and this variation and character persisted to maturity. 
The chrysalides of these larvse were sordid white on the 
upper surface and lower side of the abdomen, the former 
specked with brown ; dorsal stripe brown, as were also 
the dots; under side of thorax and of head-case, and the 
whole of the wing-cases, apple-green. (See Addenda.) 

Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains, Colorado. 

125. LYCiENA Filenus, Poey. 

Expanse of wings from .75 to .95 of an inch. 

Upper side of the male blue, with a slight black 
border; fringes white. In both sexes there is a small 
round black spot near the outer edge of the hind wings. 
The female is blackish brown, with the middle area of 
the basal half of both wings washed with blue. 

Under side ash-gray, usually paler in the male than 
in the female, with a discoidal crescent on the middle of 
each wing, bordered on each side with white; and three 
sinuous common bands, formed of small black spots 
circled with white, of which the outer are a little less 
distinct and somewhat sagittate. The space which sepa- 
rates the inner band from the median is usually whiter 
than the rest of the surface, and forms a band of small 
white quadrangular spots. The base of the hind wings 
has a transverse row of three very black points annulate 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 295 

with white, of which the external, out of line with the 
others, is the largest. The hind wings have on the 
outer edge and near the anal angle a black eye-spot, 
more or less annulate with yellow, sprinkled behind 
with golden-green atoms. 

Gulf States, Ariz.; K Mex.; So. Cal. 

126. Lycjsna Isophthalma, Herr.-Schaeff. 

Expanse of wings .75 of an inch. 

Upper surface brown, slightly grayish at the base and 
along the costal margin, a row of five blackish spots 
along the outer margin of the hind wings, the three next 
the anal angle the most distinct, the other two sometimes 
almost obliterated. 

Under side of nearly the same color as the upper, 
slightly hoary at the base, the wings crossed by about 
seven rows of elongate white spots and an inner row of 
white circles. There is a submarginal row of six con- 
spicuous black spots on the hind wings. The spot near- 
est the anal angle is almost entirely covered with metallic 
green, and the rest of the spots present detached scales 
of this color, generally on the side nearest the margin. 

Palpi dark brown above, white beneath, with a few 
black hairs ; antenna annulate black and white ; club 
reddish brown, red at the tip. 

Florida, Georgia. 

127. Lyc^na Exilis, Bd. 

Expanse of wings from .6 to .7 of an inch. 

Male. — Upper side brown, sometimes reddish brown, 
bluish at base of both wings, and slightly fuscous along 
the hind margins ; hind wings bordered by a series of 



296 T HE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

round fuscous spots ; fringes long, pure white, except at 
the outer angle of the fore wings and against the lower 
median interspace, where they are fuscous. 

Under side of fore wings dark gray at base, without 
markings, fulvous on disk, crossed by interrupted white 
streaks; the margin gray, presenting a series of obsolete 
lunules, in front of each of which is a white border, 
forming a broken line like those on the disk. Hind 
wings dark gray at base, paler gray over part of the 
disk, then brown, followed by a broad white submarginal 
space ; the base marked by three fuscous points placed 
transversely, and the brown disk crossed by white 
streaks as on the fore wings; outer margin bordered 
by a row of black spots, of which the first, next the anal 
angle, is duplex and covered with metallic green scales ; 
the next four are large, dead-black, and metallic only at 
their base ; the next two wholly covered with metallic 
scales. 

Female. — Same size, paler-colored above, marked like 
the male. 

This description is of specimens taken in Texas. 
BoisduvaPs description of those taken in California is 
as follows : 

Upper side clear brown ; hind wings paler, with a 
blackish border. 

Under side of fore wings very clear brown, with white 
interrupted transverse striae, more or less distinct. 

Under side of hind wings white, with brown striae, 
and a marginal row of seven black ocelli powdered with 
golden atoms. 

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, 
Florida. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 297 

128. Lyoena Ammon, Luc. 

Expanse of wings 1.05 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface clear violet-blue, the edge of 
the wings black, and a small black spot near the anal 
angle. Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the 
veins, broadly so on the fore wings. 

Under side dark gray. The fore wings have a gray 
bar at the end of the cell, with a white line on each side ; 
beyond the cell a curved row of intervenular gray spots, 
each with its inner and outer border of white. Along the 
outer fourth of the wing is a broad white band, dentate 
without, and a subterminal row of white lunules en- 
closing gray spots, the anterior half of lunules somewhat 
dusky. Edge of wings black, with a white inner border. 

Hind wings with the same markings, the white band 
broader; in addition, the basal half has three round 
black spots annulate with white, — one in the cell, two 
near the costal margin, — and a gray spot near the inner 
margin. Near the anal angle are two round black spots, 
with a more or less complete annulus of metallic blue 
scales, the outer spot having before it an orange lunule. 

Female. — Upper surface the same as in the male, outer 
part of hind wings a little paler, with costal and outer 
border of black; the latter on the fore wings a little 
mottled with blue, and on the hind wings containing a 
series of blue lunules and two bright black spots, the 
outer, or one farthest from the anal angle, with an orange 
lunule before it. Under side the same as in the male. 

Food -plant and larva unknown. The species is a 
native of Cuba, but has been found at Indian River 
and in Southern Florida. 



298 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

129. Lyc^na Theontjs, Luc. 

Expanse of wings from .9 to .95 of an inch. 

Male. — Upper surface violet-blue, rather pale, except 
at the terminal border. The marks of the under side 
can be seen through the blue. 

Under side white, crossed by seven or eight brown- 
gray stripes, appearing along the costa as though this 
were the color, and as if there were eight more or less 
wavy white transverse lines arranged in pairs enclosing 
a space of the ground color a little darker. Along the 
outer margin two rows of spots, the outer roundish or 
oval, the inner lunate. On the fore wings the second, 
fourth, fifth, and sixth lines do not reach more than half- 
way across the wing, leaving a large white space. On 
the hind wings near the anal angle are two round black 
spots in place of two of the gray, each containing a circle 
of metallic violet scales ; the spots annulate with pale 
yellow. The lines on the hind wings are more broken 
up into spots than those on the fore wings. 

Female. — Upper surface white, with a violet-blue tint, 
more prominent on the basal half, with a broad outer 
border extending round the costa to the base. On the 
hind wings this border contains a series of white hmules, 
the two next the anal angle enclosing a round black 
spot. The markings of the under side show through 
more plainly than in the males. Under side the same 
as in the males. 

Palpi black; antennae black and white ; club black, 
tipped with white ; body black above, white beneath, 
with a yellowish tinge, 

Florida Keys. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 299 



FAMILY HESPERIME. 

This family may be known by their robust bodies and 
their triangular fore wings, and by the knob of the an- 
tennae usually ending in an attenuated portion, — that is, 
mostly bent or hooked ; they have six feet adapted for 
walking. In their robust bodies and coarse scales, which 
are not closely appressed, these butterflies resemble some 
of the higher moths. When in repose, the wings are 
either spread or closed back to back and thrown back 
so that the costal edge of the hind wings is next to the 
costal ed<re of the fore wings. 

The family is divided into two sections, which bear to 
each other somewhat the relation of families. 

SECTION I. 

The butterflies in this division have the knob of the 
antennae thick ovoid or elongate ovoid. The larvae are 
more or less spindle-shaped. The pupae are somewhat 
conical, like those of the moths, smooth, and found in 
puparia composed of leaves fastened together, in which 
the larvae seclude themselves. 

130. Cakterocephalus Mandan, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.12 inches. 

Upper side of wings dark brown, overlaid with a few 
yellowish scales, and marked with dull ochraceous spots, 
as follows : one row extends along the outer margin, 
often nearly obliterated ; another across the disk, or be- 
tween the margin and the end of the cell, two of which 
are out of line and nearer the outer margin ; the cell is 



300 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

more or less filled with the yellow, mostly in the form 
of two patches, and there is a small spot resting on the 
lower side of the cell near the middle, and another below 
the submedian vein, about one-fourth of the distance from 
the base. The hind wings have a row of small spots 
along the outer margin, a row of larger spots within 
this, across the disk, and one near the base of the wing. 

Under side of fore wings much paler than the upper, 
the light markings much larger and coalescing. The 
hind wings are of the same vellowish as the fore wings, 
the spots of the upper side repeated, but larger and of 
a white color, ringed with brownish, with an additional 
spot above the basal. The veins are all brownish. 

White Mountains, N.H., and Maine, where it flies 
about the middle of June. 

131. Carterocephalus Omaha, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Upper side brown, much marked with bright fulvous, 
which covers the central margin of the fore wings from 
near the base to near the end of the cell and back to the 
median vein, except a brown streak in the cell from the 
base. A submarginal row of confluent spots extends 
from the costa to the hind margin, broken opposite the 
cell, two small spots ranging outside the line, with a 
space between them and the costal spot. Edge of hind 
margin also fulvous. 

The hind wings have a similar row, or rather one 
long spot or band, across the wing, and two spots on the 
disk and on the costa. Fringes fulvous. 

Under side pale brown washed with fulvous, which last 
color prevails on the apical part of the fore wings and 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 301 

on the anterior part of the hind wings. The spots of 
the upper side reappear, enlarged, and two spots near the 
apex of the fore wings are connected with the costal spots. 
West Virginia, Colorado, California. 

132. Ancyloxypha Numitor, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from .8 to 1 inch. 

Upper surface of fore wings blackish brown, washed 
more or less with dull dark yellow ; the cell dusky, but 
in front of the cell nearly clear yellow, and more yellow 
below the cell than in it. Hind wings dark yellow, 
costa and outer margin blackish brown. 

Under side of fore wings brown, the costa and outer 
margin, to near the posterior angle, yellow. Hind 
wings uniform yellow. 

Harris states that the chrysalis is rather long, nearly 
cylindrical, but tapering at the hinder extremity, and 
with an obtusely-rounded head. It is reddish -ash-col- 
ored, minutely sprinkled with brown dots. 

Maine to Texas, Nebraska. (See Addenda.) 

133. Thymelicus Poweshiek, Park. 

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, the costal margin to neai 
the apex dull yellow. 

Under side of fore wings dark brown, the basal two 
thirds of costal edge dull yellow, the apex washed with 
yellowish white. Hind wings dark brown, the veins 
white ; the whole surface, except between the submedian 
vein and near the inner margin, sprinkled with white 
Bcales. Fringes brown, basal half white all round. 

Iowa, Illinois, Montana, Colorado. 
26 



302 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

134. Pamphila Massasoit, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.4 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface blackish brown, with a slight 
violet reflection on the fore wings; three small, sub- 
obsolete, yellow, intervenular dots in a row near the 
costa beyond the cell, and occasionally a faint, small, 
yellowish spot or two on the middle of the hind wings. 
Fringe slightly paler, yellowish round the anal angle. 

Under side of fore wings about the same color as the 
upper, the costal and outer margin tawny orange-yellow, 
the spots of the upper side repeated with more distinct- 
ness ; a few scales in two small patches near the middle. 
Basal color of hind wings blackish brown, but so washed 
with tawny orange as to be almost that color, paler than 
the female. Across the wing, a little beyond the middle, 
is a series of six pale yellow spots ; the first indistinct ; 
the second nearly square, with the outer end rounded ; 
tha third oblong, reaching from near the margin to the 
middle of the cell, a faint brown bar at the end of the 
cell ; the fourth and fifth oblong, one-third the length of 
the third ; the sixth, like the first, subobsolete. Body, 
head, and antennae, above, the color of the upper surface ; 
below, pale whitish yellow. 

Female. — Above, the markings of the under side show 
more plainly than in the males ; the yellow of the under 
side is darker, and the fourth and fifth spots on the under 
side are pointed towards the base and somewhat blended 
with the third. 

Food-plant and larva unknown. 

Eastern and Middle States, Nebraska, Colorado, 
Texas. (See Addenda.) 



w ^ mm m ^ ■ 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 303 

135. Pamphila Zabulon, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface pale dull yellow, the fore wings 
dusky at the base, the outer fourth blackish brown, den- 
tate within ; the same extending along the hind margin 
to near the base, and very narrowly edging the costa. 
There is an oblique bar at the end of the cell, and a patch 
beyond, almost touching the apical portion of the border ; 
beyond this patch the border is narrowed, with a narrow 
line of yellow intervening. Hind wings bordered all 
around with blackish brown. 

Under side of fore wings pale yellow, the basal half, 
except the costal margin, dark brown, the marks of the 
outer end repeated with less distinctness. The hind 
wings have a broad, pale yellow, slightly clouded band 
across the wing beyond the middle ; the basal third, 
except a costal patch, reddish brown. The outer border 
contains several irregular pale brown spots ; and there 
is a dark brown, yellow- washed streak below the sub- 
median vein. 

Var. Hobomok, Harr. — This form has the markings 
of the male much as in the typical form, but the dark 
spots are more pronounced, with often a subterminal 
patch above the discal bar, and the yellow is bright 
tawny. The hind wings have the yellow band of the 
under side narrower, leaving a continuous outer border, 
in width one-fourth the length of the wing, with some 
lilac scales. 

The female of this form has the yellow a little paler 
than the ordinary male, the veins all brown, more dusky, 
suffusing over the basal half of the wings, with the yellow 



HHIHHI 



304 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

on the under side of the hind wings .more contracted than 
in the male. 

Dimorphic form female Pocahontas, Scud. — This 
form of female is similar to Quadraquina, but duller 
in color, traces of a spot in the cell of the fore wings, the 
four posterior spots of the outer row not clearly defined. 
Hind wings a little pale in the middle. The marks on 
the under side are somewhat blurred, and the hind wings 
have an indistinct subterminal band. 

Var. female Quadraquina, Scud. — This has the 
upper surface the same shade as the outer border of the 
male, with a slight vinous reflection ; beyond the middle 
of fore wings a broken row of pale yellow spots, three 
near the costa, then two nearer the outer margin, which 
are small and mostly oblong, then four to the hind 
margin, trapezoid, and all but the third larger. Hind 
wings without spots. 

Under side blackish brown, the costal margin of 
both wings washed with tawny ochre, the apex of the 
fore wings whitish, the outer portion of the hind wings 
washed with lilac. The spots of the upper surface are 
repeated, the posterior four enlarged and more or less 
confluent. 

Body dark brown, with greenish hairs above, paler 
beneath. 

The eggs (Fig. 82) are pale green, nearly globular, 

Fig 82 somewhat flattened, and under a strong lens 

s — v they appear reticulated over the surface with 

C j fine six-sided markings. These are deposited 

p. Zabuion, on grass, upon which the larvae feed. 

The young larva, which hatches from the 
egg in about ten days, is .1 of an inch long, with a large, 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 305 

prominent, shining black head, and a creamy- white body, 
with a yellowish tinge posteriorly. 
The second segment is half circled 
with a black line. 

The larvae station themselves on 

..-,„,. . P. Zabulon, larva (natural 

the inside 01 the leaves, near the B i Ze ). 

joints, and, by drawing portions of 
the leaves together with silk, form a rude case, in which 
they secrete themselves. (See Addenda.) 

Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley. 

136. Pamphila Sassacus, Harr. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dull dark yellow, the outer 
border of fuscous or dark grayish brown, not quite one- 
third the length of the wing, crenate within, the base 
dusky. On the fore wings is a black, oblique stigma, or 
sex-mark, below the cell, with a little fuscous below it, 
and at its end a fuscous patch, which is separated from the 
border by a few fulvous spots in a broken line ; veins 
fuscous. The yellow of the hind wings is surrounded 
by a fuscous border. 

Under side brownish fulvous, the posterior half of 
fore wings fuscous ; the five subterminal spots of the 
upper surface repeated, a spot at the end of the cell, a 
large triangular patch, with dentate outline, all yellowish 
white. The hind wings have a subterminal band of 
six whitish spots across the anterior two thirds of the 
wing, and a spot at the end of the cell. One specimen 
having a slight greenish -yellow wash to the under surface 
has these spots indistinct. 

Female. — This differs from the male in having the 
u 26* 



306 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

hind wings washed in the centre with yellow, the yellow 
area less than in the male and not clear yellow. Nearly 
all of the fore wing is dark grayish brown or fuscous, the 
basal half, or in some examples a little more, washed with 
yellow, or only the anterior edge and a portion of the 
base sprinkled with yellow scales. The fore wings have 
a row of eight yellow spots, of which 4 and 5 are out 
of line with the others, being nearer the margin ; and 
two elongate spots, more or less distinct, in the outer 
part of the cell. 

Under side grayish brown, a little pale, the hind 
wings and the anterior and outer portion of the fore 
wings well sprinkled with ochraceous scales ; the spots 
of the fore wings repeated, pale, the lower of the outer 
row broadly expanded ; the hind wings with a faint 
row of three or four spots beyond the cell. 

Body brown above, with grayish hairs, lighter beneath. 

The larva is said to feed on grass, the butterfly ap- 
pearing on the wing in the middle of June. 

New England, New York to Nebraska, Georgia, 
Florida, Colorado. 

137. Pamphila Metea, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.35 inches. 

Female. — -Upper surface dark brown tinged ochra- 
ceous, especially on the hind wings. Fore wings with 
the following white markings : two small spots at the ex- 
tremity of the cell ; three small spots, one above the other, 
on the costal border, a little more than three-fourths the 
distance from the base ; below these, and half-way be- 
tween them and the outer margin, one above the other, 
two small spots ; placed successively a little nearer the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 307 

base than the last, two more spots, somewhat larger, 
between the branches of the median vein, and traces of 
a small one on the submedian. 

Hind wings uniform in tint, with a faint ochraceous 
repetition of the markings beneath. The outer margin 
of both wings is narrowly edged with black, the fringes 
slightly paler than the upper surface. 

Under side dark brown, on the hind wings ap- 
proaching to black, with some grayish scales towards 
the outer border. The fore wings have the markings 
of the upper surface repeated with greater distinctness 
than above, and a large pale brown spot at the posterior 
angle. 

Hind wings with a band formed of grayish-white 
spots between the venules, starting at the costa at two- 
thirds the distance from the base, nearly reaching the 
outer margin in the space between the subcostal and 
median veins, thence bent towards the inner margin at 
a little less than a right angle, terminating at the sub- 
median. 

Male. — This form scarcely differs from the female on 
the upper surface, except that the spots are a little more 
distinct and pale yellow, especially the row on the hind 
wings. Stigma, or sex-mark, oblique, narrow, black, 
broken, the upper part longer than the lower. 

Under side as in the female. Body black above, 
with greenish hairs, below gray, with a few greenish 
hairs on the thorax ; palpi yellowish white, gray at the 
tip. 

Grass is the food-plant of this species. 

It has been found in Connecticut, New York, Texas, 
and Colorado. 






308 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

138. Pamphila Uncas, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.35 to 1.6 inches. 

Female. — Upper surface fuscous, the base and posterior 
part of the fore wings, and a broad band through the 
hind wings from the base out, washed with dusky fulvous. 
The fore wings have a subterminal broken row of spots, 
all whitish but the last, which is yellowish, also a small 
spot at the end of the cell ; the two between the branches 
of the median vein with the outer angles much extended. 
Hind wings with the subterminal spots of the under 
side showing through a little. 

Under side fuscous gray, sprinkled with pale yellow 
scales. The spots on the upper surface of the fore wings 
are repeated, white in color, those of the subterminal 
row blended into three groups, the lower widened pos- 
teriorly, so as to suffuse most of the posterior angle area. 
The hind wings have two very much bent white bands, 
the outer not reaching the inner margin. 

Male. — Upper surface fuscous, the fore wings, with the 
cell and a patch below the stigma, distinct yellow, in- 
clining to fulvous, the hinder portion, from the end of 
the cell to the posterior angle, washed with yellow, and 
a row of five yellow spots in the outer fuscous field, 
the two beyond the cell much out of line with the others. 
The stigma very oblique, narrow', jet-black, contracted 
in the middle. 

Hind wings, with all but a costal edge and a very 
narrow terminal border, heavily washed with yellow, 
inclining to a fulvous shade in the central portion. 
Fringes white, fuscous at base. Under side as in the 
female. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 309 

.Larva and food-plant unknown, though the lattei 
may be grass. 

Delaware to Ohio, Dakota to Arizona. 

139. Pamphila Seminole, Scud. 

Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly tinged 
with violet, the fore wings, with the basal half and costal 
edge, sprinkled with fulvous yellow ; a broken row of 
dull yellow spots beyond the middle, consisting of three 
below the costa in line, two beyond the cell farther to- 
wards the margin, and three, larger than the others, be- 
tween the branches of the median vein and above the 
submedian, each of these three reaching from vein to 
vein ; a yellow bar at the end of the cell. Stigma black, 
narrow, broken near the middle, the parts slightly 
curved, the ends overlapping each other a little. 

Hind wings with brownish -yellow hairs, and a row 
towards the outer margin of about five small yellow spots. 

Under side scarcely paler than the upper, the hind 
wings more tinged with reddish, sprinkled with yellow 
scales which are pale on the hind wings, more distinct ful- 
vous yellow along the costal edge of the fore wings and 
near the anal angle of the hind wings. Spots of upper 
side repeated, but paler, almost white, spot 7 of the fore 
wings enlarged, and spot 8 shading out on each side. 

Female. — Similar to the male, but scarcely sprinkled 
with yellow ; lacking the stigma ; the spots a little more 
prominent. Under side as in the male. 

The larva and food-plant are unknown. 

It has been found in Florida, North Carolina, New 
Jersey, and Iowa. (See Addenda.) 



310 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

140. Pamphila Leonardtjs, Harr. 

Exj:>anse of wings from 1.3 to 1.4 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface blackish brown, more or less 
overlaid with fulvous yellow scales from the base to the 
outer third of the fore wings, with a broken subter- 
minal row of clearer yellow spots ; three of these below 
the costa in line, two beyond the cell farther out, and 
separated from the cell by a space without yellow, and 
two or three below, in line with the first, continued 
by an oblique shade to the hind margin ; also a dis- 
tinct spot at the end of the cell. Stigma black, oblique, 
concave below. The hind wings have a curved band 
not reaching either margin ; an obscure spot in the 
cell, and greenish-yellow hairs over the inner half of 
the wings. 

Under side bright reddish brown, the fore wings 
blackish from the cell to the hind margin, but not 
reaching the outer margin except at the posterior angle. 
The spots of the upper surface are repeated, but the 
spots below the cell are blended and enlarged into a 
subtriangular patch. The hind wings have a small 
spot at the end of the cell, and beyond a curved row 
of six or seven spots. 

Female. — This form has the basal third of the fore 
wings only moderately sprinkled with yellow scales, and 
the stigma is absent. The spots in the outer row are 
larger than in the males. Under side like the male. 

According to Mr. Scudder, this species feeds on grass 
in the larval state. 

New England to West Virginia; Indian River, 
Florida ; Kansas. (See Addenda.) 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 1 

141. Pamphila Meskel, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.6 inches. 

Male. — Upper side dark brown, marked and spotted 
with reddish fulvous ; three small spots in subcostal in- 
terspaces of fore wings, two others opposite the cell and 
towards the outer margin, and in line with these an 
oblique row crossing the median interspaces, the lower 
spots merged in the fulvous of disk or cell to base and 
anteriorly to costa ; the stigma in two sections, the ante- 
rior one completely crossing the lower median inter- 
space, a narrow, smooth, black, slightly bent ridge ; the 
lower one in submedian interspace parallel to the line 
of the other, short, not reaching either venule; be- 
hind the stigma is a narrow, blackish, rough patch. 
The hind wings have the central part obscure fulvous, 
with an imperfectly defined series of spots between the 
cell and the outer margin. Fringes of the fore wings 
fuscous next the margin, whitish outside; of the hind 
wings, fuscous next the margin, then fulvous, and out- 
side whitish. 

Under side of hind wings bright ferruginous, of one 
shade, and without spots ; apex of fore wings bright 
ferruginous, the outer margin a little obscured, the spots 
indistinctly repeated, next the base and against the stigma 
black. 

Female. — Color dark brown ; the fore wings have 
spots placed as in the male, distinctly defined through- 
out, the basal area being brown, instead of fulvous as in 
the male. Hind wings as in the male, though the spots 
may be more clearly defined. 

Under side as in the male, but on the disk of the hind 






312 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

wings is an indistinct bent row of small paler spocs cor- 
responding to the spots of the upper side. 

Body above black, covered with fulvous hairs ; thorax 
below yellowish ; abdomen the same, with a fulvous tint ; 
palpi light yellow, with a fulvous tint; antennae black 
above, yellowish below ; club black on both upper and 
under surface, on the sides fulvous. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Texas ; Indian River, Florida. 

142. Pamphila Huron, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface of fore wings dark yellow 
tinged with fulvous, dusky at base, the veins fuscous, 
and a fuscous outer border about one-fourth the length 
of the wing, crenate within, narrowed opposite the cell, 
before which there is a fuscous patch. Stigma some- 
what quadrate, the upper outer angle produced, velvety 
black above and below, with a nearly round blackish 
patch beyond. 

Hind wings with the central portion of the wing 
yellow, but washed a little with dusky, a continuous 
fuscous border round the wing. 

Under side dull yellowish fulvous, the hind wings and 
terminal portion of the fore wings tinged with grayish ; 
the basal half of the fore wings from the cell to the hind 
margin, and a border to the posterior angle, blackish. 
The fore wings have a faint subterminal band, much as 
on the under side of P. Leonardus. Base of hind wings 
dusky, a faint subterminal band. 

Female. — This has the upper surface blackish fuscous, 
the fore wings washed with yellowish from the base to 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 3 

the outer third along the costal and hind margins; a 
black space in place of the stigma of the male ; the usual 
broken subterminal row of spots, the first three and the 
last two translucent. Hind wings with yellowish scales, 
and greenish hairs over the inner half, an indistinct spot 
in the cell, and a band beyond not reaching either margin, 
in width about one-fourth the length of the wing. 

Under side like that of the male in color ; the row 
of spots of the fore wings repeated, the hind wings with 
two much curved rows of white confluent spots. 

Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Texas, 
Arizona. 

143. Pamphila Phyl^eus, Drury. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.3 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface yellow, dusky at base along the 
veins, and on the costal and inner margin of the hind 
wings. Fore wings with an outer border of eight cunei- 
form fuscous spots, the length being about one-fourth 
the length of the wing, the third and fourth from the 
apex about half as long as the others, and the eighth 
half-wedge-shaped. Stigma slender, oblique, velvety 
black, with a fuscous patch below ; a bar at the end 
of the cell, with two rays from it. Hind wings with a 
border of five cuneiform spots, the second very short. 

Under side paler than the upper, and the yellow not 
so bright. Fore wings fuscous below the cell and along 
the hind margin, the stigma and part of the terminal 
spots showing, but not those at the apex. The hind 
wings have two subobsolete rows of fuscous spots, the 
inner across the middle of the wing. 

Female. — Upper side dark brown, with a little vinous 
o 27 



314 2!KB BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

reflection. The fore wings have the basal third washed 
with dull yellow, the spots brighter dark yellow. There 
is a spot at the end of the cell, and an oblique broken row 
behind ; the first three in the subcostal interspaces are ob- 
long, slightly narrowed at the base ; the next two oppo- 
site the cell, farther towards the margin, small and round 
or quadrate ; number 6 like 2 and 3 ; number 7 quad- 
rate ; number 8 a mere point ; number 9 triangular, and 
extending as a shade along the hind margin to the base. 
Hind wings overlaid on basal and inner portions with 
dull yellow hairs, and with a subterminal row of spots 
much as in the female of P. Huron. 

Under side darker yellow than in the male, the fus- 
cous covering more than the posterior half of the wing ; 
the spots of the upper side repeated, whitish. 

According to Dr. A. W. Chapman, the larva of this 
species when full grown is .7 of an inch long, fusiform, 
of a uniform dull green color, and thickly granulated 
with pale points. The collar on joint 2 is dark brown. 
Head small, dark brown. 

The chrysalis is .5 of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, 
pubescent. Color pale green ; a black line, interrupted 
on the posterior joints, extends from back of the head- 
case to the last joint, with a lateral black streak on the 
thorax, and a row of spots on the abdomen. More or 
less punctured throughout. 

Food-plant, grass. 

Middle and Gulf States to the Pacific. 

144. Pamphila Brettus, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface yellow, with a fuscous terminal 



^mm 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 315 

border crenate within, covering about one-fourth the 
length of the wing, receding somewhat opposite the cell 
of the fore wings ; the base dusky ; the veins of the outer 
half of the fore wings fuscous. The stigma has the cen- 
tral streak dull black, with velvety black each side of 
this, and a small blackish patch below. A fuscous streak 
extends from the lower end of this to the base along the 
submedian vein, and another irregular-shaped patch ex- 
tends from the upper end of the stigma so as almost to 
touch the terminal border opposite the cell. 

Under side dark brown, overlaid with yellow ; costal 
portion of fore wings yellow, basal portion fuscous. An 
irregular subterminal yellow band crosses both wings. 

The egg is white, smooth, hemispherical. It is de- 
posited on grass (Paspalum setaceum). 

The young larva is white, with a large black head, 
and black collar. When full grown it is one inch long, 
pale green, with a dark dorsal stripe, and an obscure line 
on each side. Collar black, on each side a black dot sepa- 
rated from the collar. Stigmata black. Head rounded, 
projecting obliquely, granulated with black, the sides of 
face and two streaks on upper part of face yellow-white. 

Chrysalis .75 of an inch long. Color pale green, the 
abdomen whitish ; wing-cases smooth, finely veined ; the 
antennse-case extending in a filiform point to the end of 
the abdomen. On each side of head-case a dark point, 
and a row of dark points along the sides of the abdomen. 

Gulf States, West Virginia. 

145. Pamphila Otho, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 3.25 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, with a little vinous re- 



316 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

flection. The fore wings have a series of yellow spots, 
— the first three anteapical, the next two between the 
branches of the median vein, and the sixth a small one 
on the submedian. The hind wings have the usual 
greenish-yellow hairs over the inner part, and two small, 
faint, contiguous spots at the end of the cell. The male 
differs from the female in having an oblique stigma, and 
in having an overlaying of greenish-yellow scales on the 
basal portion of the wings, though scarcely enough to 
change the color. 

Under side yellowish brown, the posterior half, or 
more, of the fore wings blackish. The spots of the fore 
wings are repeated, except the last one. The hind wings 
have an indistinct yellowish band of five or six spots. 

Var. Egeremet, Scud. — This is similar to the other 
form, but differs in wanting the marks on the upper side 
of the hind wings, and the anterior and posterior spots 
of the fore wings are lacking. 

The under side is dark blackish brown, obscure at the 
base, the hind wings, especially of the male, sprinkled 
with olivaceous scales, the posterior part of the fore 
wings more blackish, and the costal margin sprinkled 
with yellow. The spots of the fore wings are repeated, 
and there is an indistinct row of spots across the hind 
wings. There is the same difference between the males 
and the females on the upper surface as in the form Otho. 

This is a variable species, the form Otho seeming to 
be the Southern form, while Egeremet is the Northern, 
with intergrades covering the intervening ground. One 
of these forms, a female, named Ursa, Worth., differs 
from the form Otho in having the posterior spot on the 
fore wings lacking, and in there being traces of a band 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 7 

of elongate spots on the upper side of the hind wings, 
seen fairly only in certain lights. 

Body above dark brown, lighter beneath. 

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Texas. 

146. Pamphila Peckius, Kirby. 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Female. — Upper surface dark blackish brown, the 
markings dark yellow, slightly fulvous-tinted ; there 
is a slight sprinkling of yellow scales over the surface, 
especially the basal portion. The mark- 
ings of the fore wings are : a slight ray Fig. 84. 
in the upper part of the cell, and traces 
of one in the lower part ; and a broken 
band of seven spots beyond the middle, 
the two opposite the cell beyond the line 
of the others. The first three of these Pami.hiia Peckius, 
spots are oblong in the subcostal inter- 
spaces ; the next four mostly quadrate ; sometimes the 
fourth of the seven is wanting, and there are occasionally 
a few scales on the submedian vein in line with the last 
spots. Hind wings with a band of five spots, in width 
about one-fourth the length of the wing ; spots 3 and 
4 the largest. 

Under side fulvous brown, the basal half of the fore 
wings fuscous ; the spots of the fore wings are repeated, 
lighter yellow, there being eight of them instead of seven. 
The hind wings have two broad pale yellow bands, a 
little irregular in outline, the lower part of the inner 
often united with the middle of the outer, as in Fig. 84. 

Male. — Of the same color as the female, the basal two 
thirds of the fore wings heavily washed with yellow ; 

27* 




318 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the outer two thirds of the cell, and the space in front 
of that, nearly clear yellow ; below the cell an oblique, 
sinuous, velvety-black sex-mark ; and below this a nearly 
round brownish-olive patch. The outer third is sprinkled 
with yellow scales, and contains the outer row of spots 
found on the wing of the female, the seventh spot partly 
lost in the olive patch. The hind wings arc similar to 
those of the female, but are sprinkled with yellow. 
Under side the same as in the female. 

According to Professor Fernald, this species feeds on 
grass. The eggs are pale greenish yellow, strongly con- 
vex above, and flattened at the base, and the surface is 
faintly reticulated. They hatch in fourteen days. The 
young larva is .1 of an inch long, with a large shining 
black head. The body is dull brownish yellow, dotted 
with black, with a ring of brownish black on the second 
segment. Under side paler than the upper, and the whole 
surface clothed with fine hairs. The butterfly is on the 
wing from June to July. 

New England to Wisconsin, Illinois, West Virginia, 
Kansas. 

147. Pamphila Mystic, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface yellow, slightly brownish- 
tinted ; an outer border of dark blackish brown, about 
one-fourth the length of the wing, not crenate on its inner 
edge, but receding a little opposite the cell of the fore 
wings and at the apex ; base dusky. Stigma oblique, 
black, slender, with a blackish patch below it, and an 
irregular patch from the end of the cell outward, the 
corners of which connect with the outer border, leaving 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 9 

a small yellow spot enclosed. This patch, the stigma, 
and the dusky base form a continuous line. 

The hind wings have the outer border narrower than 
the border of the fore wings, but have broad inner and 
oostal borders ; veins dark, with some shading at the end 
of the cell. 

Under side somewhat paler than the upper, the fore 
wings blackish below the cell and along the hind margin, 
a band of paler yellow beyond the middle, the posterior 
spots expanded. Hind wings with a broad subregular 
subterminal band, and a patch in the cell ; all indistinct. 

Female. — The fore wings dark brown, the outer two 
thirds of cell pale yellow, and some yellow suffusion in 
front of this. There is the usual row of spots marking 
the outer third : the first three oblong ; the fourth ob- 
scure ; the fifth triangular ; the sixth oblong ; the seventh 
subquadrate, convex within, concave without ; the eighth 
irregular. The hind wings have a patch at the end of 
the cell, and a band of five spots beyond, the first a little 
out of line with the others ; the ground color the same 
as that of the fore wings. 

The under side is marked as in the male, but the sur- 
face is more fuscous, except the anal portion of the hind 
wings and the anterior basal portion of the fore wings, 
which are but little darker than in the males. 

Like many other species of Pamphila, this feeds on 
grass in the larval state. The eggs are, according to Mr, 
Scudder, of a pale yellowish-green color, strongly convex 
above, and with the base flattened. The surface appears 
smooth under a lens, but under a power of eighty diam- 
eters is seen to be faintly reticulated. The egg period 
lasts eight or ten days. The young larva is .1 of an 



320 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

inch long, with a large shining black head, and a white 
body tinged with yellowish brown, this tinge being more 
apparent towards the posterior part. 

The full-grown larva is of an oval outline ; the head 
not large in proportion to the size of the body, but 
prominent and much larger than the second segment; 
it is of a dull reddish-brown color, edged with black on 
the hinder part, and clothed with minute whitish hairs. 
The body is dull brownish green, with hairs similar to 
those on the head ; a dorsal line and numerous dots over 
the surface of the body are of a darker shade. Joint 2 
is pale whitish, with a line of broAvnish black across the 
top. The last joints are paler than the rest, and the 
under side of the body is paler than the upper. 

So far as known, there is only one brood in a season, 
and the butterflies are on the wing in June and July. 

New England to New York. 

148. Pamphila Cernes, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, with a 
little vinous reflection ; fore wings, with the cell, the cos- 
tal area to half-way between the cell and the apex, and a 
patch beyond the upper end of the stigma, clear yellow. 
The whole area below the cell, except a dusky patch out- 
side the stigma, washed with yellow. Stigma oblique, 
velvety black, contracted a little in the middle. Hind 
wings with olive hairs and sprinkled with yellow scales. 

Under side blackish or fuscous, the posterior part of 
the fore wings clear, the outer half of the anterior por- 
tion of the fore wings and all of the hind wings overlaid 
with yellow ; the cell and costal margin before the cell 



■H 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 321 

of the fore wings clear yellow. The fore wings have 
five spots marking the outer third, the three costal ob- 
scure, the two between the median venules pale yellow, 
the lower excavate externally. 

Female. — Upper surface of the same ground color as 
in the male, the fore wings with a ray of clear yellow in 
the cell, and the basal half sprinkled with yellow scales, 
more so on the costal and hind margins. The five yel- 
low spots that are on the under side of the fore wings of 
the male are distinct on the upper surface of the female, 
with some scales on the submedian vein in line with the 
others. Hind wings as in the male, but not sprinkled 
so heavily. 

Under side as in the male, but not so heavily overlaid 
with yellow. 

Body dark brown above, with greenish hairs ; a little 
lighter beneath. 

The larva is unknown. 

New England to Montana, Florida. 

149. Pamphila Myus, French.* 

Expanse of wings .95 of an inch. 

Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, with a 
slight vinous reflection, about the same shade as P. Cer- 
nes, which it much resembles. The fore wings have the 
discal cell and the area in front of the cell like Cemes, 
heavily washed with yellow of a little darker shade than 
in that species, the same color extending beyond the cell 
along the costal area three-fourths the distance from the 
base to the outer margin ; below the cell the same shade 

* Mr. E. M. Aaron thinks this is P. Bar-acoa, Luc. 
v 



322 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

of yellow extends along the median vein the same dis- 
tance, the area below this to the hind margin rather 
heavily sprinkled with yellow scales, except the space 
beyond the lower half of the stigma, being in this much 
like Cernes. In Cernes there is a quadrate sinus of the 
terminal dark brown of the wing dipping into the yel- 
low beyond the cell, coming up to the cross-vein. In 
this species the sinus is of the same width, but extends 
inward above the median vein, ending in a point half- 
way to the base of the wing. The stigma is black, nar- 
row, oblique, entire, though constricted below the middle, 
shorter than in Cernes, does not reach the submedian 
below, and the upper end reaches only the second branch 
of the median, while in Cernes it passes beyond this 
venule, the lower third bent a little towards the base, 
not more than half as wide as in Cernes; below the 
stigma an oblong patch of blackish scales which are 
bronzy in certain lights. The hind wings are sprinkled 
with yellow scales, the inner half with yellowish hairs 
which are less olivaceous than in Cernes. 

One specimen has on the fore wings, marking what 
is above described as the outer boundary of yellow, five 
small yellow spots which are paler than the yellow along 
the costa, — three in a line back from the costa, and two 
in the median interspaces; the yellow washing does not 
quite reach to these spots, there being less yellow also at 
the base; varying in amount of yellow, as is sometimes 
seen in different specimens of Cernes. 

Under side of fore wings much as above, the yellow 
orange-tinted, the row of slightly paler spots at the end 
of the yellow showing more distinctly than above, the 
apical half of the terminal space sprinkled with yellow, 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 323 

the posterior half of the wing blackish, the sinus beyond 
the cell heavily sprinkled over. 

Hind wings dark brown, with a vinous reflection, 
sprinkled with pale yellow scales, a narrow discal band 
of small confluent whitish spots marking the outer third, 
much as in the species of Amblyscirtes, not very dis- 
tinct. 

Female. — This lacks the stigma of the male, is marked 
above much as the female of Gernes, but is of a darker and 
brighter yellow, the whole area in front of the cell and 
to the anteapical spots nearly clear yellow, the rest of 
the basal two thirds sprinkled with yellow, much as in 
the male. On the under side the obscure band on the 
hind wings is a little more distinct than in the male. 

Body concolorous with the wings above, the thorax 
with olivaceous hairs, the abdomen sprinkled with yel- 
low; beneath yellowish white, about the shade of 
Cemes. 

Florida, specimens obtained during the summers of 
1883 and 1884. 

150. Pamphila Manataaqua, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.3 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a brassy re- 
flection. The fore wings have, about three-fourths the 
distance from the base, two or three small yellow inter- 
venular spots in a line back from the costa, and a series 
of three more below these, — two between the branches of 
the median vein and one above the submedian ; the first 
of these nearly square, the second oblong, twice as broad 
as long, the third small. The stigma is black, narrow, 
oblique, extending' from the forking of the median at 



^^^^■■^■I^HH^^M^M^H^HCI 



324 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the end of the cell to the subraedian. Hind wings 
without marks, the hairs on the inner half brown and 
olivaceous. 

Under side tawny yellowish brown, the fore wings 
with the spots as above, but paler, the one above the 
submedian shaded out considerably with white. Hind 
wings with a transverse row of four subobsolete pale 
yellow spots. 

Female. — The same color as the male, the spots in 
the discal row of fore wings larger and more distinct, 
the one above the submedian somewhat hour-glass- 
shaped ; base of fore wings sprinkled with yellow, the 
cell washed with the same. The stigma absent. 

Under side as in the male, but the surface more 
sprinkled with pale yellow, the washing of yellow on 
the fore wings repeated, the spots the same as in the 
male, but a little more distinct. 

Body dark brown above, with olivaceous hairs, below 
yellowish white. 

United States generally. 

151. Pamphila Vekna, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a slight pur- 
plish reflection. The fore wings have the costal edge 
slightly sprinkled with yellow ; the small, yellowish, 
translucent, intervenular spots in a line back from the 
costa, nearly three-fourths the distance from the base to 
the apex, and two larger spots between the branches of 
the median vein, the second twice as large as the first ; 
\i few scales are seen above the submedian in line with 
these, and there is a small spot in the lower part of the 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 325 

cell near the end. Stigma black, oblique, narrow, some- 
what constricted, but not broken. Hind wings without 
spots, hairs yellowish green. Fringes yellowish gray. 

Under side about the same color as above, all but 
the posterior part of the fore wings and a stripe within 
the inner margin of the hind wings tinged with yellow 
bronze having a purplish reflection. Spots on the fore 
wings repeated ; the spot on the submedian considerably 
enlarged. 

Hind win as with a faint discal row of five small 
whitish spots. 

Female. — This differs little from the male in mark- 
ings and color; there is less sprinkling of yellow scales, 
and the few scales above the submedian may be absent. 
Under side as in the male. Stigma absent from the fore 
wings above. 

Body concolorous with the wings above, gray be- 
neath. 

The larva and food-plant are unknown. 

New York, Maryland to Georgia, West Virginia, 
Ohio, Indiana, Kansas. 

152. Pamphila Vestris, Bd. 

Expanse of wings 1.28 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark glossy brown, as in P. 
Metacomet ; outer margin blackish brown ; fringes dark 
brown. Fore wings with some dull yellowish scales on 
the inner half of the costa, on the outer side of the stigma, 
and within it, between the median and submedian veins, 
Stigma velvety black, consisting of two acutely ellipsoidal 
spots, which join on the lower median venule and have 
their extremities resting on the submedian and second 

28 



326 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

branch of the median ; the inner spot with distinct black 
scales near the submedian vein. 

Under side brown, blackish over the stigma, with 
obscure yellow shades exterior to it as the only mark- 
ings. Abdomen above concolorous with the wings, with 
yellowish scales laterally. Thorax beneath, and abdomen 
contiguous, brown, with some longer clay-colored hairs. 
Palpi clothed with bristling yellow scales, from which 
the tip of the last joint barely projects. 

Female. — Fore wings with dull yellow scales and 
hairs, more numerous on the inner half of the hind 
margin, and nearly absent from the outer margin ; two 
yellow spots between the branches of the median vein, 
the outer one scarcely more than a dot, the inner sub- 
quadrangular ; no anteapical spots, but in their place some 
clustering yellow scales. 

Under side dark brown, the fore wings reddish brown 
basally, and the hind wings of the same shade through- 
out, except towards their inner margin. The two spots 
of the upper surface of the fore wings are reproduced 
beneath somewhat more obscurely. Thorax and front 
of head clothed with yellowish scales ; palpi with black 
scales above, and beneath with some clay-colored scales. 

California, Colorado, Indian River, Florida. 

153. Pamphila Metacomet, Harr. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.3 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly glossed 
with greenish yellow above; the usual oblique velvety- 
black stigma. The under side of the wings slightly paler, 
the hind wings with a transverse row of four very faint 
yellowish dots, which, however, are often wanting. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 327 

Female. — Of the same color as the male, lacking the 
stigma, and having two yellowish dots between the 
branches of the median vein, and two more anteapical 
near the costa beyond the cell. The under side has the 
spots of the upper surface reproduced; hind wings as in 
the male. 

This butterfly is to be found in July, the larva feeding 
on grass. 

New England to Montana, Kansas, Nevada. 

154. Pampiiila Accitts, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings LA inches. 

Upper surface dark blackish brown, slightly olive- 
tinted. Males with an oblique black stigma, with a white 
dot at the upper end of it in the upper median interspace, 
and three small white dots in the subcostal interspaces 
beyond the cell. The females lack the stigma, but have 
besides the anteapical spots an oblique row of three in 
the median interspaces and above the submedian, the 
middle spot the largest. 

Under side dark reddish brown, the posterior part of 
fore wings and inner part of hind wings blackish. The 
following parts are suffused with lilac : the outer part of 
the fore wings, narrowing from the middle to both mar- 
gins ; a similar space on the hind wings, also a patch in 
the middle. The white spots of the upper surface are 
repeated. 

Some specimens have a white spot at the end of the 
cell of the fore wings besides those mentioned. 

The mature larva is 1.33 inches long, slender, nearly 
white, but under the lens mottled and dotted with darker 
lines and points, the rings on the posterior half of each 



328 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

joint more prominent and less dotted ; collar black. 
Head rather small, oblique, oval, flattened frontally; 
white, with a black band around the top and sides, a 
black streak down the middle of the lace, and a short 
black streak on each side of this last, not reaching the 
band at top. 

The chrysalis is smooth, white, the head-case tapering 
into a slender pointed beak. 

The larva was found in August by Dr. A. W. Chap- 
man wrapped in the leaves of a large grass (Erianthus 
alopecuroides). 

Gulf States, North Carolina, Eastern Pennsylvania, 
Southern Illinois. 

155. Pamphila Loammi, Whitn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 

Male. — Wings above dark glossy brown, darker ba- 
sally. Fringes light brown, with a blackish line at ex- 
treme base. Fore wings with a subcostal transverse row 
of quadrate whitish spots, situate one in each of the three 
terminal subcostal interspaces near the base ; the upper 
one one-half its length nearer apex. A large subqi lad- 
rate spot crossing second median interspace at one-third 
the distance from its base. An obsolescent transverse 
line in lower median interspace, equidistant between its 
base and spot in second interspace. A narrow black 
stigma broken by the lower branch of the median vein ; 
upper portion straight, commencing at second branching 
of median and crossing the interspace to first median 
venule near its source. The lower portion of the bar 
commences below the venule about its own width re- 
moved outwardly, is strongly concave within, and reaches 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 329 

the subroedian vein about two-fifths its distance from the 
base. Hind wings without spots. 

Under side dark chestnut-brown. Apex of fore 
wings and border of hind wings with a bloom of pearly 
scales. Fore wings with the markings of the upper side 
repeated, and two minute dots in subcosto-median inter- 
spaces, resting one on each venule; one in first median 
interspace and a transverse line in third. These five, 
including one in second interspace repeated above, arp 
in line from apex to internal margin. 

Hind wings with a curved sub-basal row of three 
small irregular white spots. The first is in the costo- 
subcostal interspace one-fourth the distance from its 
base, the second in the cell, and the third on the sub- 
median vein. A subterminal sinuate row ; the first 
double, situate in the costo-subcostal interspace midway 
between its other spot and its extremity. A black streak 
extends from this spot sharply outward to the next spot 
below the subcostal vein, which is followed in the suc- 
ceeding interspaces by five small transverse spots. All 
the spots of the hind wings have a black border. 

Female. — General coloration a little lighter than in 
the male. Fore wings above with two spots at extrem- 
ity of cell. An irregular transverse band commencing 
with three subcostal spots, the upper one not removed 
outwardly as in the male ; the fourth twice its own width 
nearer the margin ; the fifth in line with the first three ; 
the sixth twice its width nearer the base ; the seventh 
largest, removed its width internally; the eighth double 
or with upper half obsolete. 

Under side of fore wings with upper markings re- 
peated. Hind wings with basal row inconstant. First 

28* 



330 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

three spots of subterminal row running towards the outer 
margin ; the others running at a right angle from the 
third, tu wards the inner margin. In one female example 
the subterminal row of hind wings is indicated above by 
a few lighter scales. 

The larva and food-plant are unknown. 

Taken in Florida and North Carolina. 

156. Pamphila Maculata, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 

Female. — Upper surface uniform dark brown. The 
fore wings have three small round spots in the subcostal 
interspaces beyond the cell, extending from the costa 
back ; two more, of larger size, in the median interspaces ; 
and a third below these on the submedian vein, the latter 
sometimes obsolete. The hind wings have a small spot 
on the middle, in some examples obsolete. All these 
spots are semi-transparent, yellowish. 

Under side nearly as above, fore wings washed with 
white near the posterior angle, spots of fore wings as 
above. The hind wings have three spots in a trans- 
verse row across the disk. Body black ; palpi yellowish. 

The larva, when full grown, is one inch long, slender, 
pale green, finely pubescent, the last two joints deeper 
green, collar light brown. Head oval, oblique, densely 
pubescent, slightly granulated, light brown. 

The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, cylindrical, dull 
green ; pubescent, especially about the head. Head-case 
blunt, wing-cases smooth. On joints 8, 9, and 10 are 
two flat tubercles on the ventral side. Anal hook broad, 
triangular. 

Gulf States ; occasional in New York. 



I^^HI 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 33 1 

157. Pamphila Panoquin, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.3 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface brown, with a bronze lustre. 
The fore wings have two of the usual three anteapical 
spots, those present representing the second and third of 
the usual number ; subqnadrate, the outer corners with 
a tendency to extend outward in points. There are 
usually one or two beyond the cell nearer the margin 
than the anteapical spots ; when both are present the 
lower one is much the larger and a little nearer the 
cell. Below these is an oblique row of three spots, — two 
in the median interspaces and one in line on the subme- 
dian vein, the second a little more than twice as large as 
the upper, the one on the submedian often small ; also a 
small spot in the lower side of the cell at the outer end. 
All these spots are pale yellowish. Stigma small, oval, 
parallel to the costa. 

Under side of nearly the same color as the upper, 
much powdered with bronze scales on the costal margin 
of the fore wings, and at the base and along the veins 
of the hind wings. The spots of the fore wings show 
more distinctly pale yellow. On the outer part of the 
hind wings there is a white stripe following one of the 
discal venules, with a spot below and occasionally one 
above. 

Female. — Without the stigma, colored and marked 
like the male, but usually lacking the upper spot beyond 
the cell. 

The larva and food-plant are unknown. 

Gulf States; Atlantic City, N.J. (See Addenda.) 



332 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

158. Pamphila Ocola, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.4 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly bronzy; 
the fore wings with one or two small spots in the sub- 
costal interspaces, the first one of the usual three being 
absent, often the second also, those present being mere 
points. There are three other spots in a bent row, — two 
in the median interspaces and one on the submedian 
vein, the one on the submedian so far towards the margin 
as to be out of line with the other two; the first or 
upper about one- fourth as large as the second, the second 
concave on the outside. All these spots are dull, dusky, 
translucent yellowish. 

Under side of about the same shade as the upper, the 
spots of the fore wings repeated. The costal margin and 
most of the outer margin of the fore wings, and the veins 
of the hind wings, somewhat bronzy. 

Female.— Color and markings the same as in the male, 
the second of the three oblique spots more than three 
times as large as the first. The bronze on the costal 
margin of the under side of the fore wings is very 
distinct. 

Larva and food-plant not known. 

Gulf States ; Eastern Pennsylvania ; Whitings, Ind. 

159. Pamphila Ethlius, Cram. 

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.15 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark blackish brown, some yel- 
low scales over the basal part of both wings. The fore 
wings with seven whitish, translucent spots, as shown in 
Fig. 85. There are two in the two lower subcostal in- 



^■MM 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



333 



terspaces, the upper of the usual series absent ; one in 
the second interspace below these, beyond the cell, in 
line with the first two ; the fourth and fifth in the 
median interspaces ; the sixth on the submedian vein ; 
the seventh on the lower side of the cell near the outer 
end. The first of these is oblong, the second quadrate, 
the third oblong (the long way transverse to the wing 
instead of longitudinal), the first and third nearly twice 
as large as the second. The fourth is a little less than 

Fig. 85. 




Pamphila Ethlius (natural size). 



half as large as the fifth, both somewhat trapezoidal, 
concave on the outer side ; the sixth is about the size of 
the fourth, concave on the inside, the outside rounded ; 
the seventh is oblong, rounded outwardly and concave 
inwardly. The hind wings have three marks similar to 
the fourth on the fore wings, though not quite so large, 
the first or anterior one often double. The fringes are 
fuscous, darker at the base. The outer margin of the 
hind wings is slightly excavate near the middle, below 
which it is a little produced, somewhat like Eudam'is 
Tityrus, but broader and not so prominent. 

Under side ochraceous brown over the hind wings, 
and on the fore wings the costal margin and apical and 



334 TUB BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

outer portion, ending in a point at the posterior angle^ 
the rest of the fore wing blackish. The spots of the 
upper surface are repeated. 

Female. — Like the. male, except that the first three 
spots on the fore wings are more nearly of the same 
size. 

Body concolorous with the wings above, with yellow- 
ish hairs, gray beneath. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Gulf States ; occasional in New York. 

160. Pamphila Bimacula, Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a slight 
purplish tinge ; the basal half of the fore wings washed 
with yellow inclining to fulvous, more apparent along 
the basal third of the costa and on both sides of the 
stigma, where it is nearly clear yellow. Stigma oblique, 
velvety black, broken in the middle into two narrow ellip- 
tical parts. There is a small pale spot in the first median 
interspace, and a few pale scales beyond the upper part 
of the cell in the place of the usual second and third 
anteapical subcostal spots. Hind wings without spots, 
but the middle and basal areas with olivaceous yellow 
hairs. 

Under side grayish brown ; the basal half of the ante 
rior part of the fore wings, and the anterior part of the 
hind wings, heavily washed with yellow tinged with fer- 
ruginous ; the rest of the hind wings, except the inner 
margin, and the outer part of the fore wings, well 
sprinkled with the same. The posterior part of the 
outer margin of the fore wings lacks these scales, and 



_ a ^ Haa ^^ aB _ H ^ BH ^^^^^« 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 335 

the basal half of the hind part is black. The fore winga 
have two pale spots in the median interspaces, the upper 
whitish and about one-third the size of the lower. Inner 
margin of hind wings sprinkled with gray. Fringes 
white, gray at the base. 

Female. — Upper surface of the same general color as 
in the male, with very few of the yellow scales, and those 
mostly along the costa of the fore wings. There are 
two pale spots in the median interspaces; the anteapieal 
scales as in the males. The hind wings have fewer of the 
olive-yellow hairs. Under side as in the males, with 
less gray on the inner margin of the hind wings. 

Body black, the hairs of the thorax of nearly the same 
color as the yellow on the fore wings, those on the 
abdomen olive-yellow. Under side of body and palpi 
white. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

The butterfly is found in July from New England to 
Nebraska; Illinois. 

161. Pamphila Ponttac, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.4 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark blackish brown or fuscous, 
the basal two thirds of the fore wings so heavily washed 
with rather dark yellow as to make it clear yellow, sepa- 
rated by the brown veins in the cell, beyond the stigma 
and in the subcostal interspaces ; the base of the wing 
and the bases of the subcostal interspaces having but 
little of the yellow, as also the area below the subme- 
dian vein. Stigma oblique, rather broad, velvety black, 
broken by the lower median venule into two elliptical 
parts which join by their oblique ends; the upper end 



■M 



336 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

stopping at the second branching of the median, the 
lower on the submedian about one-third the distance 
from the base. 

Hind wings with the central area yellow, consisting 
of a broad band across the disk composed of four oblong 
spots between the veins, the second wholly or partially 
divided into two spots, and a small spot in the end of 
the cell ; the width of the band about one-third the length 
of the wing. The inner third with yellowish olivaceous 
hairs. 

Under side dark brown, slightly ferruginous, the fore 
wings, with the basal two thirds, fuscous, shading out- 
wardly into the brown. The costal margin is over- 
laid with yellow which extends into the cell. Mark- 
ing the outer third is a band of dull yellow spots, — the 
two anterior in the two lower subcostal interspaces, the 
third in the second space below these, the next two in 
the median interspaces, and the sixth below the fifth, 
separated only by the vein ; the last four forming a 
continuous band but for the brown veins. The hind 
wings, as well as the apical portion of the fore wings, 
are sprinkled with ferruginous yellow, the band of the 
upper surface repeated, but the spots somewhat con- 
tracted. 

Female. — Upper surface dark or fuscous brown, as in 
the male, with slight vinous reflection, the base a little 
sprinkled with yellowish olivaceous scales. Two-thirds 
the distance from the base is a band of eight more or less 
distinct yellow spots, the sixth and seventh a little pale. 
The first three of these spots are in the subcostal inter- 
spaces, twice as long as broad ; the next two beyond the 
cell, subquadrate, the fifth with its outer side in line with 



■■■■■■■■^■^H 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 337 

the first three, the fourth with its inner side in the same 
line ; the sixth and seventh in the median interspaces, 
much larger than the others, the outer sides excavate ; 
the eighth less distinct, and somewhat hour-glass-shaped. 
The hind wings have a band through the middle, as in 
the males, but the spots are smaller and the spot in the 
cell is absent. 

Under side as in the male. Body concolorous with 
the wings above, under side pale yellow. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Massachusetts to Nebraska ; New Jersey. 

162. Pamphila Dion, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.6 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface almost a copy of P. Pontiac, 
but differs in the space above the cell of the fore wings 
being more dusky, less washed with yellow, the base a 
little more dusky, the cross-bar at the end of the cell 
more distinct, the space beyond the cell as far as the yel- 
low extends being nearly filled with clear yellow, while 
in Pontiac the upper half is dusky and the stigma is 
narrower, and there is more yellow below the submedian 
vein. The stigma is oblique, velvety black, divided in 
the middle into two elliptical portions, the upper slightly 
the longer, of medium width, the two parts not touching 
each other, there being a more distinct separation than in 
Pontiac. The area on both sides of the stigma is clear 
yellow, of about the same shade as in Pontiac. The 
hind wings have the yellow band or area broader than 
in Pontiac, the first spot less prominent, the second 
longer, reaching well into the cell, without any dividing 
cross or longitudinal marks, the remaining three spots 
v w 29 



338 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

not very distinct, more obscured by the brownish-yellow 
hairs than are those in Pontiac. 

Under side ochraceous yellow, tinged with brown, 
especially the costal and apical portions of the fore 
wings and the greater part of the hind wings ; the pos- 
terior part of the fore wings blackish. The spots are 
obscure in the brownish-ochre ground, but are distinct 
in the blackish portion, pale yellow. They are two 
subcostal, a few scales, beyond the cell, two in the me- 
dian interspaces, and the largest one extending from the 
lower median venule to the submedian ; the cell well 
washed with brownish ochre, but not containing pale 
yellow rays as in Pontiac. The hind wings contain no 
bands or spots, but the area between the median vein 
and its lower branch and the submedian is paler than 
the ground color, and there is another pale ray from 
the middle of the cell outward to near the outer 
margin. 

Female. — Of the same shade of brown as the male, 
both having a slight vinous reflection. The fore wings 
have a small yellow spot at the end of the cell, and the 
usual outer row of spots. These consist of the three 
anteapical in the subcostal interspaces, the first one only 
a few scales, the others elongate ; the fourth and fifth at 
the end of the cell, the first only a few scales ; the sixth 
and seventh in the median interspaces, rounded inwardly, 
concave externally ; the eighth in the medio-submedian 
space, partially or wholly divided in the middle. The 
hind wings are similar to those of the male, the stripe 
from the middle of the cell to near the outer margin 
quite prominent, but mere traces of three other elongate 
spots. Under side as in the male. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 339 

Body concolorous with the wings above, beneath pale 
yellow. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 
Nebraska ; "Whitings, Ind. 

163. Pamphila Arpa, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, the base 
of the fore wings and along the costa with yellowish 
scales. The cell of the fore wings, a patch before the 
stigma, and a band outside the stigma, crossing three in- 
tervenular spaces and a little less than half the distance 
to the outer margin, are clear golden yellow. There 
are also five or six yellow rays between the subcostal 
venules. Stigma long, slender, somewhat constricted in 
the middle, oblique, black. The hind wings are sprin- 
kled a little with yellow scales in the middle, the innei 
part with olivaceous hairs. 

Under side dark golden-yellow, the posterior part of 
the fore wings blackish. Across the outer portion of 
the fore wings are about three pale spots, there being 
scarcely a trace of one on the submedian vein. Hind 
wings without spots. 

Female. — The upper surface the same brown as the 
male, with a little sprinkling of yellow scales at the 
base. The fore wings have the rays between the sub- 
costal venules, but not so distinct, except the lower 
two ; and there are three spots in an oblique row, — one 
on the submedian vein and two between the branches of 
the median. Under side as in the male. 

The mature larva, according to Dr. Chapman, is nearly 
two inches long; pale green striped with yellow, the 



340 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

joints after the second thickly lined with fine streaks 
of green and yellow. Spiracles black. Head high, 
narrow, blackish, bordered round the top and sides by 
white, and with two white incurved (concave to each 
other) streaks on the upper third of the face ; these 
separated by velvety black. 

Chrysalis. — Length 1.2 inches, nearly cylindrical, 
light brown, covered with white powder; the abdom- 
inal joints pubescent ; the wing-cases prolonged into 
a short subulate point; the abdomen long, tapering 
slightly, the end bluntly rounded. 

The larva feeds on saw-palmetto, forming a tube of 
the fan-like segments of the leaves, in which it lies con- 
cealed until it changes. 

Gulf States. 

164. Pamphila Palatka, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.45 to 1.5 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown ; the outer third ot 
the cell of the fore wings, and about the middle third of 
the wing below the cell, except a narrow posterior bor- 
der, clear yellow ; the basal third of the wing washed 
with yellow, blending into the clear yellow of the middle, 
so that without a glass the whole of this appears yellow. 
Beyond the cell there are about three yellow spots in 
the subcostal interspaces, sometimes the first and second 
obscure. Stigma oblique, narrow, broken in the middle, 
dull black. There is also a bar across the end of the 
cell. Hind wings yellow, with a broad terminal and 
costal border. 

Under side of hind wings and anterior part of fore 
wings brown, heavily overlaid with russety scales, so as 



EASTERN UNITE L STATES. 34 1 

to give these parts a russety brown appearance ; the pos- 
terior part of the fore wings blackish. The yellow of 
the fore wings is repeated, that part in the cell tinged 
with orange and expanded basally. The hind wings are 
without distinct spots, but have a ray through the cell a 
little paler than the rest of the wing. 

Female. — Resembles the male, but lacks the sex-mark 
above, and has the anteapical row of spots a little more 
distinct. The under side has the costa of the fore wings 
more suffused with orange. 

Body dark brown above, sprinkled with yellow scales, 
and with greenish-yellow hairs. Under side of thorax 
pale yellowish ; abdomen buff, tinged with brown ; palpi 
pale yellow, brownish at the ends. Antennae yellow 
beneath, the tips fulvous; above annulate with brown 
and yellow ; the knob brown. 

The mature larva is two inches long, cylindrical, with 
the collar a black line connecting two black lateral spots. 
Anal plate semicircular, projecting. Body yellowish 
green, thickly dotted with minute, dark, hair-tipped 
tubercles ; spiracles black ; under side bluish. Head 
obliquely projecting, brownish, the upper part of the 
face white and marked by three black stripes. 

According to Dr. Chapman, the larva feeds on a 
species of grass (Claudium effusum), drawing the faces 
of the strongly-keeled leaves together, and in the tube 
thus formed lying concealed when not feeding. 

Gulf States, Nebraska. (See Addenda.) 

165. Pamphila Yitellius, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface bright yellow ; fore wings with 

29* 



342 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

an outer border of dark bronzy brown, in width about 
one-fifth the length of the wing, and extending as a nar- 
rower border along the hind margin, where it is sprinkled 
with yellow scales. Costa narrowly black. Hind wings 
witli the margin bordered with brown, leaving the mid- 
dle area yellow, suffused somewhat with brownish ; hairs 
yellow. Fringes pale yellowish, dusky at apex of fore 
wings. 

Under side clear rich yellow, without spots, the pos- 
terior part of the fore wings smoky black. Body covered 
with dusky yellow hairs above, paler yellow beneath. 

Female. — Outer fourth of the fore wing, and a border 
along the hind margin of about the same width, the same 
dark bronzy brown as the border of the male ; the re- 
maining area of the fore wings dull yellow sprinkled 
with brown, also brown along the veins. Hind wings 
the same brown as the border of the fore wings, with 
the centre slightly washed with yellow. Under side as 
in the male. 

Body dark brown above, with yellow hairs ; under side 
pale yellow, the palpi and the under side of the antennae 
paler than the body. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Georgia, Southern Texas, Iowa, Nebraska. 

166. Pamphila Delaware, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface yellow, slightly fulvous-tinted ; 
the veins, except the subcostal, brown ; the fore wings 
with a dark brown outer border, in width about one- 
eighth the length of the wing, extending only a little 
along the hind margin, its inner edge but slightly crenate. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 343 

Hind wings with the outer border about the same 
width, but the costal and inner margin a little broader. 

Under side about the same color as the upper, without 
spots ; the basal half of the posterior part of the fore 
wings smoky black, extending as a narrow posterior 
border along the outer half. 

Female. — Dark brown marked with pale yellow. 
The basal two fifths of the fore wings brown ; beyond 
this a band of yellow extending half-way to outer mar- 
gin, and not quite reaching either margin, separated into 
spots by the veins and venules, making in all ten inter- 
venular yellow spots, besides the one that fills the outer 
third of the cell. Hind wings as in the males, but paler, 
the veins dark. 

Under side almost a lemon-yellow, the black on the 
fore wings as in the males, with the addition of a border 
from the posterior angle half-way to the apex, and most 
of the outline of the cell black. 

The larva, according to Dr. Chapman, feeds upon a 
large species of grass (Erianthus alopccuroides), rolling 
itself in a leaf. When full grown it is one inch long, 
fusiform, bluish white ; collar black, ending in a dot on 
each side; a lunate black band on joint 13 and anal 
plate. The surface is thickly dotted with minute black 
tubercles. Head oval, oblique, white, smooth, slightly 
bilobed ; a dark band about the top and sides, a black 
vertical streak on the middle of the face, and a short 
streak of the same color on each side of this. 

The chrysalis is narrow, greenish white ; the head- 
case blunt, black-tubercled, and bristly ; the last joint 
black. (See Addenda.) 

Massachusetts to Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Montana. 



'mmmm 



344 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

167. Pamphila Byssus, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.7 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark glossy brown ; basal half 
of costa of fore wings ferruginous, as well as a little of 
the cell below adjoining ; at the end of the cell an irregu- 
lar yellow-fulvous bar within ; across the disk a bent 
yellow-fulvous band, starting on costal margin about 
three-fifths the distance from base to apex, bending 
round the cell, and continued to middle of submedian 
vein, narrow at top, but below the cell widening rap- 
idly, on the submedian being in width about one- third 
the length of this part of the ' wing. The basal half 
of hind margin washed with fulvous. 

The hind wings have a fulvous patch in the middle, 
consisting of a broad band beyond the cell, not reaching 
either margin, and a small spot in the cell, sometimes 
the spot obsolete. The hairs of basal area next the 
inner margin fulvous. Fringes of fore wings dark gray- 
brown, of hind wings lighter. 

Under side wholly ferruginous (individuals varying 
a little in shade), except that the posterior half of the 
fore wings is blackish. The spots of the upper side are 
repeated indistinctly ; on the hind wings, in most ex- 
amples, the surface is without spots, in some there is 
a faint paler color indicating the patch of the upper side. 
The veins and branches are a shade more yellow than 
the ground color. 

Body above covered with fulvous hairs ; beneath, the 
thorax and ventral part of abdomen yellowish, sides of 
abdomen and legs ferruginous. 

Female. — Upper side of same brown as the male, and 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 345 

marked with fulvous in a similar manner, but the band 
is narrow and of nearly uniform width throughout, 
except at the bend opposite the cell, where it is much 
restricted. 

Under side as in the male, but in six cases out of seven 
the band of the upper side of the hind wings is indicated 
below with much distinctness. 

In one male the fulvous band is diffused, and the 
basal area is also fulvous, so that the whole of the wing 
is of that color, except a stripe around the end of the cell, 
and the outer margin. The males have no stigma. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Indian River, Florida ; Texas. 

168. Pamphila Osyka, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface uniform brown, with a slight 
green tinge, without spots. Stigma long, broadest at the 
upper part, depressed in the middle. Under side brown. 
Body gray beneath ; palpi greenish white. 

Female. — Of the same size as the male, and the same 
color above except the stigma. Under side clear gray, 
except on hind margin of fore wings, which is brown. 
On the costa of fore wings are three minute semi-trans- 
parent spots in a line, and on the disk are two others at 
an obtuse angle with the first. Palpi white. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Gulf States ; Whitings, Ind. 

169. Pamphila Eufala, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark olive-brown.' The fore 



346 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

wings have three small white semi-transparent spots be- 
yond the cell in the subcostal interspaces, and two spots 
below in the submedian interspaces, the first subquad- 
rate, and the second oblong, about twice as large as the 
first; both small. Besides these there are one or two 
opaque white points at the end of the cell ; wanting in 
some examples. Hind wings without spots. 

Under side a little paler than the upper, hind wings 
and costal and apical portions of fore wings sprinkled 
with gray. The spots of the fore wings are repeated. 

Female. — Similar to the male, but on both surfaces 
there is a slight violet tint, more apparent along the 
veins. 

Body black above, hairs dark olivaceous brown ; 
under side, and palpi, whitish. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Florida, Texas. 

170. Pamphila Fusca, Gr. — Rob. 

Expanse of wings 1.05 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface glossy olivaceous blackish, 
without spots, but with a faint and variable yellow- 
ish-brown reflection equally distributed. Fringes pale, 
without spots. 

Under side of wings shaded with lustrous golden- 
brown scales. Fore wings about the same shade as 
above, with the golden-brown on the anterior and ter- 
minal portions. Hind wings evenly covered with pale 
golden-brown scales, except a space before the inner 
margin, extending from the base to the outer margin. 

Body above concolorous with the wings ; beneath pale 
yellowish olive, palpi yellowish white. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 347 

Female. — Similar to the male, but the palpi are paler, 
as is also the under side of the abdomen. 
Larva and food-plant not known. 
Gulf States. (See Addenda.) 

171. Pamphila Hianna, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.45 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface dark brown; the fore wings 
with three small white anteapical spots in the subcostal 
interspaces, one larger in the first median interspace, and 
a small one in the upper part of the outer end of the cell. 
Hind wings without spots. 

Under side about the same color as above, the basal 
two thirds, except posterior part of fore wings, sprinkled 
with brown, the outer part sprinkled with gray. The 
spots of the upper side are reproduced with a little more 
distinctness, and there is a dim curved line in the second 
median interspace of the fore wings. Hind wings with 
a small white point below the costa beyond the middle. 

Female. — Differs from the male in having the spots 
larger, two small ones opposite the cell of the fore wings, 
out of line with the others, and a spot somewhat larger 
than the others in the base of the second median inter- 
space. On the under side the hind wings have a small 
spot on the anterior part, near the base. 

Body blackish above and below ; palpi dark gray. 

The larva and food-plant are not known. 

Massachusetts to Nebraska. 

172. Pamphila Viator, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1.5 inches. 

Male. — Upper side of fore wings dark brown, with a 



348 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

reddish tint. There is a double yellow spot in the outer 
end of the cell, and a discal row of spots across the wing. 
The first three of these are in the subcostal interspaces, 
the first subobsolete or obsolete ; below these are three 
more, — two in the median interspaces, and one irregular 
one, somewhat hour-glass-shaped, with the lower part the 
broadest, extends from the submedian to the lower branch 
of the median. This may be divided in the middle into 
two spots. 

The hind wings have a broad brown margin, broader 
along the costa and outer part than along the inner mar- 
gin, the whole of the rest of the wing yellow, broken into 
long spots by the brown veins. 

Under side of fore wings smoky along the hind mar- 
gin, reddish brown along the costa and apex ; the spots 
of the upper side repeated indistinctly. The hind wings 
pale brown, with the spots repeated indistinctly. 

Some examples have two small spots beyond the cell 
of the fore wings, and the other spots somewhat enlarged, 
the spot on the submedian with the lower part shading 
out towards the base. The two spots beyond the cell do 
not show on the under side. 

Female similar to the male, but a little larger. 

Body above brown, below gray ; palpi whitish ; club 
of antennae brown tipped with fulvous. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Gulf States, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, Wis- 
consin. 

173. Amblyscirtes Vialis, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Upper surface dark blackish brown, with slight violet 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 349 

reflection. The fore wings have three small white ante- 
apical dots in the subcostal interspaces, about three-fourths 
the distance from the base to the apex, and traces of spots 
in the median interspaces. Hind wings without spots. 
Fringes gray, spotted with dark brown at the ends of 
the veins. 

Under side as above; the apical half of the fore wings, 
and all of the hind wings except a ray before the anal 
angle, washed with lilac scales, the anterior basal part of 
the hind wings only sprinkled. There is a clustering of 
the gray scales across the disk of the hind wings, con- 
stituting a rather indistinct connected series of about 
four spots forming a curve, made more apparent by there 
being less gray just before these than on other portions 
of the wing. There is a white spot in the fringe at the 
apex of each wing. 

Body olivaceous brown above, lilac-gray below, in- 
cluding the palpi. 

In the larval state this species feeds on grasses, the 
butterfly appearing from the first to the middle of 
July. 

Orono, Maine ; Middle, Southern, and Western States. 

174. Amblyscirtes Eos, Edw. 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Upper surface grayish brown. The fore wings have 
three white spots in line from the costa back, as in A. 
Vialis, but no other spots. Fringes alternate white and 
fuscous on the fore wings, but on the hind wings fuscous 
only at the tips of three or four venules in the middle 
of the margin. 

Under side brown, with a whitish or chalky tint at 
30 



350 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the apex of the fore wings and along the outer margin, 
and over most of the hind wings, quite dense on the outer 
margin. The spots on the fore wings are repeated, a 
little enlarged, and accompanied by a fourth below the 
others and towards the outer margin. The hind wings 
have a mesial row of whitish points, not reaching either 
margin, irregular, rather forming a double row, with a 
similar point in the cell and two in the interspace above 
the cell. 

Texas, Georgia, Florida. 

175. Amblyscirtes Samoset, Scud. 

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, sprinkled with greenish 
scales, which give a greenish shade to the wings. The 
fore wings have a row of pale yellow spots beyond the 
middle, consisting of three near the costa in the subcostal 
interspaces, mere dots; the fourth, in line with these, in 
the second interspace beyond the cell ; the fifth and sixth 
are in the median interspaces, the sixth much larger than 
any of the others ; the seventh some light scales above 
the submedian vein, forming two indistinct spots. There 
are traces of a small spot in the end of the cell. The 
hind wings have a faint trace of a discal line. 

Under side lighter than the upper, overlaid with green- 
ish scales, with the exception of the posterior part of the 
fore wings. The spots of the fore wings are repeated, 
with two at the end of the cell. Hind wings with the 
discal band distinct, but not reaching either margin, an 
indistinct spot in the cell and two above it. The discal 
band is composed of about five white spots which are 
united. The fringes are white, marked with dark brown 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 35] 

at the ends of the veins on the fore wings and the middle 
veins of the hind wings. 

The larva is said to feed on a coarse grass (Andropo- 
gon). The butterfly is on the wing through the middle 
of June. 

Northern and Middle States, Maine to Georgia, Wis- 
consin, Iowa. 

176. Amblyscietes Textoe, Hub. 

Expanse of wings 1.15 inches. 

Upper surface olive-brown, the fore wings with an 
irregular row of six small angular white spots running 
from the costa back to the middle of the wing, about 
three-fourths the length of the wing from the base. The 
first three of these are in the usual subcostal interspaces, 
the next two in the interspaces beyond the cell, the sixth 
in the first median interspace. There is a trace of the 
seventh in the upper part of the second median inter- 
space, farther back than the others. The first is a mere 
point, but there is a gradual increase in size up to the 
third and fourth, this being out of line with the others, 
the fourth, fifth, and sixth about the same size. The 
hind wings are without spots, but there is a faint trace 
of the discal band of the under side. Fringes long, 
whitish, cut with brown at the ends of the veins. 

Under side of fore wings as above, with the spots 
more distinct, the seventh being an elongate spot reach- 
ing from vein to vein, and a small spot above the sub- 
median. In addition to these there are two minute dote 
at the end of the cell. All these are yellowish white. 

Hind wings brown, with a gray-violet tint, except 
near the inner margin. Across the disk, beyond the 



352 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

cell, is a tortuous connected row of irregular yellowish- 
white spots extending from costa near apex to near inner 
margin. This is somewhat dilated at the extremities, 
and sends a short ray outward beyond the cell. Across 
ihe end of the cell extends another somewhat broken 
row, consisting of two or three spots in and below the 
cell, the two being connected by the white veins, giving 
the hind wings a somewhat reticulated appearance. 

Food-plant not known. 

North Carolina to Texas. 

SECTION II. 

In this division the knob of the antennae is spindle- 
shaped. The larvae are more or less cylindrical, with the 
head usually larger than the second segment. Habits 
of larva and pupa mostly similar to those of Section I. 

177. Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud. 

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface black, the basal third and hind 
margin of fore wings overlaid with white hairs, as also 
the inner part of hind wings. The 
Fig. 86. outer two thirds of fore wings con- 

tain about thirty white spots ar- 
ranged somewhat in four irregu- 
lar transverse rows ; and five more 
^^^0^^^^ on the costal edge, as shown in 

Pyrgus Tessellata, male (nat- Fig. 86. The hind wingS have 

about eighteen spots, arranged in 
three rows, the spots of the inner row the largest, the 
middle ones crescents, the outer ones points. Fringes 
white, with black at the ends of the veins. 





EASTERN UNITED STATES. 353 

Under side of fore wings yellowish white along the 
costa and the outer margin, the spots of the upper 
surface repeated, but more or less blended, the space 
between the spots brownish black. Hind wings white, 
faintly yellowish ; a spot near the base, two irregular 
transverse bands, and a marginal row of lunules are 
brownish, these corresponding to the spaces between 
the rows of white above. 

Female. — Darker, owing to the spots being smaller, 
the marginal row of points subobsolete. Under side 
also darker. 

Pennsylvania to the Gulf, Atlantic to the Pacific. 

178. Pyrgus Centaure^, Kamb. 

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 

Upper surface black, tinged with brown, with white 
scales over basal half. A bar of white in end of cell of 
fore wings, a less distinct spot of same below the middle 
of cell, and a subterminal row of white spots. There 
are first three spots in the subcostal interspaces three- 
fourths of the distance from base to apex ; two spots be- 
yond the cell, the upper half-way from the third spot to 
the margin ; spot five in line with the first three ; and an 
oblique row of four more, — two in the median interspaces 
and the other two in the medio-submedian interspace, one 
next to each vein. Besides this, the cross- vein at the end 
of the cell has some white scales. In addition to these, 
there are five white spots on the costal edge. 

The hind wings have two obscure rows of white spots, 
the first crossing the end of the cell, the spot on the cell 
being the most distinct ; the second subterminal, consist- 
x 30* 



354 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

ing of a series of intervenular, somewhat, sagittate spots. 
Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the veins. 

Under side a little paler than the upper, sprinkled 
over with white scales so as to be grayish brown. The 
spots of the fore wings are repeated, but enlarged and 
coalescing. The hind wings have three distinct bands 
of white, one near the base which does not show on 
the upper side, consisting of three patches united ; the 
middle one enlarged and blended ; the subterminal one 
not much more prominent than on the upper surface. 

Body black above, with gray hairs, the scales and hairs 
below white ; antennae annulate with black and white; tip 
of club ferruginous. 

New York, West Virginia, North Carolina, Colorado. 

179. Nisoniades Brizo, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, the outer portion of the fore 
wings sprinkled with gray. Near the outer margin of 
the fore wings is a row of small gray spots, and between 
these and the cell is a row of larger contiguous gray 
spots, varying from oval to orbicular, bordered, except 
where they come together, by a line of darker brown 
than the ground color ; the spots of the upper end of the 
row have the brown pointed outwardly. A similar row 
crosses the wing about through the middle, but this has 
no points on the outside; and there is a dark spot at 
the base of the cell. The hind wings have two wavy 
rows of ochre-yellow spots, which are dull and ob- 
scure. 

Under side a little paler than the upper, with two rows 
of white spots parallel with the outer margin, common 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 355 

to both wings ; the hind margin of the fore wings dull 
whitish. 

Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, 
Arizona. 

180. Nisoniades Icelus, Lintn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.25 inches. 

Upper surface blackish brown, sprinkled with pale 
bluish scales. A band, somewhat lighter than the basal 
part of the wing, crosses the fore wings so as to bring 
the end of the cell in its middle. This band is heavily 
overlaid with bluish scales, especially on the costal half. 
Preceding this is a band of darker brown, subquadrate, 
contiguous spots, with a slight sprinkling of bluish 
scales. Beyond the band which crosses the end of the 
cell is another band of ovate spots, the bases rounded, 
the costal half with the spots narrower and more pointed, 
the anterior four or five with whitish, imperfectly-defined 
spots in their centres, and the rest overlaid with bluish 
scales. Between this band and the outer margin is a 
row of obscure brown spots without the pale scales. The 
hind wings have two irregular rows of dull ochraceous 
spots along the outer margin. 

Under side paler than the upper side, the hind wings 
with the two rows of spots repeated. The fore wings 
have two rows of spots parallel with the outer margin, 
both elongate, the outer on the edge and extending into 
the fringe. Inside these, and corresponding with the 
second band of the upper side, is a row of white spots, 
the first six small, the seventh and eighth larger and 
quadrate, the ninth and tenth obscure. 

According to Mr. Lintner, the egg is of a pale green 



356 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

color, iii shape semi-ellipsoidal, its base flat, and its 
apex depressed between the tips of the ribs, which termi- 
nate exterior to the depression. It is distinctly ribbed 
with from ten to twelve longitudinal ribs, and connecting 
the ribs are from thirty to thirty-five transverse striae. 
Diameter, .031 of an inch ; height, .028 of an inch. 

The larva was described by W. H. Edwards in 1885. 
The butterfly may be seen in June. 

New England to Michigan, Illinois, Florida, Colo- 
rado, Arizona, Washington Territory. 

181. Nisoniades Somnus, Lintn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.45 inches. 

Male. — Dark brown in color, approaching N. Persius. 
Fore Avings without the anteapical white spots above, 
and the large patch of bluish-white scales resting on the 
discal cross- vein of N. Icelus. The black transverse 
bands have the position and character of those of JSf. 
Icelus, but are almost lost in the ground color. Hind 
wings nearly as dark as the fore wings, showing indis- 
tinctly the two rows of pale brown spots. 

Under side of wings bronze by reflection. The fore 
wings have a short costo-apical white streak in cell 8, or 
between the third and fourth subcostal venules, and a 
minute white dot above this, or in cell 9 (iV. Icelus 
usually has a subquadrangular white spot in the upper 
interspace beyond the cell and the two lower subcostal 
interspaces, and occasionally the spots form a continuous 
line nearly across the wing from the lower median inter- 
space to next the lower subcostal interspace). There is 
an intervenular series of pale streaks, and on the hind 
wings the two rows of yellow-brown spots are indistinct. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 35^ 

Female. — Paler brown than the male. The two trans- 
verse bands of the fore wings are quite distinct, and 
between them, on the discal cross- vein, is a conspicuous 
patch of whitish scales ; no white anteapical spots. Upon 
the margin is a row of rounded brown spots, separated 
from the contiguous band by whitish scales. The bands 
are broader than in N. Icelus, and are almost drawn 
together on the second submedian vein ; the connected 
series of spots composing each are shaped much as in 
N. Icelus, are heavily bordered with black, and bear 
bluish scales. The hind wings contain a geminate discal 
mark, a submarginal row of yellowish spots much bent 
inwardly opposite the cell, and a marginal row of small 
linear whitish spots. 

Under side bronze like the male. The hind wings 
have the two rows of spots repeated; the fore wings 
have a marginal row of linear whitish spots, a regularly 
curved submarginal row of eight oblong yellowish spots, 
and a single white anteapical spot. 

The palpi are shorter than in N. Icelus, shaggy, some 
of the hairs of the second joint extending to the tip of 
the third. The tibiae of the posterior pair of legs arc 
without the pencil of hairs characteristic of N. Icelus. 

Indian River, Florida. 

182. Nisoniades Lucilius, Lintn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.25 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, with a red lustrous reflec- 
tion. Like N. Icelus, there is a paler band at the end 
of the cell of the fore wings, and this is preceded and 
followed by a darker band, the inner not well defined, 
and interrupted. In the female, and sometimes in the 



358 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

male, there is a white hyaline spot resting on the outer 
end of the two cellular teeth formed by this band, some- 
times obsolete. The submarginal band consists of in- 
terspaceal, sagittate, fuscous spots, which are somewhat 
squarely truncated anteriorly and have umber-colored 
scales centrally. Its course is direct from the submedian 
vein to the subcostal venule, whence it is broadly reflected 
anteriorly to the costal margin, embracing in this portion 
four interspaceal minute white hyaline spots, of which 
the first, third, and fourth are nearly in line, the second 
and largest lying behind. Between the median venules 
are two hyaline spots, of which the inner one is some- 
times obsolete in the male or wholly absent. Between 
these two bands the ground color is umber-brown, with 
a few bluish-gray scales towards the submarginal band, 
and a larcje number between the subcostal venules. The 
sagittate spots of the submarginal band are bordered 
externally with gray, followed by a series of round um- 
ber spots having a few gray scales resting on obscure 
yellowish spots between them and the brown marginal 
line. Fringes umber, with a very few basal gray scales. 

Hind wings of a more uniform brown than the fore 
wings, and more shaded with red, with two rows of ob- 
scure yellowish-brown marginal spots ; the discal spots 
at the end of the cell barely seen. 

Under side reddish brown, the fore wings conspicu- 
ously so at the apex. The four subapical hyaline spots 
are constant, and there is usually a small white spot in 
the cell. The median spots are larger than the subapical, 
and are subquadrangular in form. Hind wings without 
discal spots. Both wings with two rows of spots along 
the outer margin. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 359 

The eggs are .03 of an inch in diameter, marked with 
fourteen ribs and twenty-five transverse striae. 

The larva at maturity is .8 of an inch long, yellowish 
green in color, with a bluish-green dorsal line. The legs 
are tipped with fuscous. On joint 8 is an oblong yellow 
spot on each side of the dorsal line, a similar mark 011 
joint 2, and a brown spot on the head. 

The chrysalis is cylindrical, conical, not angulated, 
thorax slightly elevated. Head-case rounded in front, 
depressed below a line drawn from the anal spine across 
the base of the wings to the humeral tubercle. Towards 
the close of this period the eye-cases are purple, the wing- 
cases whitish, the abdomen green, except at the tip, where 
it is brown. 

Food-plant Aquilegia Canadensis. There are two 
broods in a season, possibly three, the butterflies appear- 
ing in May and about the last of August or in the fore 
part of September. 

New York, Middle and Western States. 

183. Nisoniades Persius, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches. 

Upper surface blackish brown, the outer part of the 
fore wings sprinkled with pale bluish scales in the males, 
but in the females a little at the base also. Like the 
other species, this has a mesial band crossing the discal 
cell, and a submarginal band, the first more obscure 
than the second, except below the median vein and in 
the cell ; the upper point in the cell containing a dis- 
tinct hyaline spot in the females, but more obscure in 
the males. In the outer band spots 1 and 4 and 7 and 
8 contain each a distinct white hyaline spot, the second 



3G0 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

larger and a little out of line; spots 9 and 10 are united 
into an hour-glass-shaped spot. Spots 1 to 5 are nar- 
rowly ellipsoidal, 6 to 8 are somewhat truncated inter- 
nally, all the others are strongly pointed internally. Be- 
tween these two bands the space in the end of the cell 
and between the median and submedian veins is lighter 
and more reddish brown than the rest of the wing. Be- 
tween the submarginal band and the margin is a series 
of roundish brown spots, each tipped externally with a 
gray crescentic spot resting on a terminal brown line. 

Hind wings more of a reddish brown than the fore 
wings, with two rows of indistinct ochraceous spots near 
the outer margin, and a spot at the end of the cell. The 
males are darker brown than the females, and for that 
reason the bands are more obscure. 

Under side of the female grayish brown, the apical 
portion of the fore wings gray ; the white hyaline spots 
are repeated, and both wings have two marginal rows 
of whitish spots. The males, as above, are darker than 
the females. 

According to Mr. S. H. Scudder, the larva feeds on 
willow, poplar, and Lespedeza capitata. The butterflies 
are to be seen in June. 

New England to Montana, Washington Territory, 
Colorado, New Mexico. 

184. Nisoniades Ausonius, Lintn. 

Expanse of wings 1.06 inches. 

Fore wings above pale umber-brown, with grayish 
scales sprinkled over most of the surface (more diffused 
than in the other species), except on the fuscous bands, 
showing especially beyond the submarginal band. There 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 361 

are two brown basilar spots resting on the subcostal and 
median veins, not so dark as those of the disk. The 
discal band, usually continuous in this genus, here con- 
sists of three elongate fuscous dashes (appearing to the 
unaided eye as a single spot) resting on the subcostal 
near the discal cross-vein, extending nearly half-way to 
the median, the intervening space having merely an 
indication of the spot, which appears distinctly in most 
of the species as the inner cellular tooth of the discal 
band ; following this is an obscure fuscous spot at the 
fork of the firstrand second median venules, and, beyond, 
the usual hour-glass-shaped spot, extending from the 
second median venule to the submedian, with its con- 
striction on the interspaceal fold. The cliscal cross-vein 
is conspicuously marked in brown. The submarginal 
band of fuscous spots is doubly curved, being convex 
towards the outer margin from the costa to the third 
median venule, thence concave to its termination at the 
submedian. It consists of four acutely ellipsoidal fus- 
cous spots between the subcostal venules, which are 
wholly destitute of the usual hyaline spots, followed by 
three others of similar form but of greater breadth, the 
next subacute externally, and the last similar in outline 
to the corresponding one of the discal band. There is a 
marginal row of interspaceal brown spots, the first four 
of which are surrounded by gray scales and lie near the 
margin, and the remaining four more remote than in N. 
Martialis ; also a row of obscure brown spots resting on 
the tips of the venules and extending on the fringe. 

Hind wings of a darker ground than the fore wings, 
sprinkled with blackish scales, darker basally, and with 
pale yellow-brown spots. Discal spot and marginal row 
q 31 



362 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

obsolete, submarginal crescentic in form. On each side of 
the submarginal row of spots is a range of oval fuscous 
spots, subconnected. 

Under side reddish brown, with the terminal margin 
gray. The fore wings have the fuscous spots of the sub- 
marginal band and marginal row as on the upper surface ; 
of the discal band the spots in the cell are alone obscurely 
visible ; the basal ones are lost in the general color. The 
marginal brown spots below the subcostal venules rest 
centrally on elliptical gray patches, while those of the 
hind wings approach a semioval form, and are preceded 
by gray crescents, which nearly enclose them by uniting 
with some marginal gray scales ; at the tips of these 
crescents a submarginal row of fuscous spots is obscurely 
seen. Discal spot obsolete. 

Middle States, West Virginia. 

185. Nisoniades Martiat.isJ Scud. 

Expanse of wings 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface of female blackish towards the tip of the 
fore wings, the rest slightly grayish. Near the base of 
the cell a dark blackish-brown spot, and beyond this the 
mesial and submarginal bands of spots of the same color, 
the first obscure on the costa and broken on the median 
vein, the last spot being placed farther towards the base, 
so as to be out of line with the others. On the upper 
outer point in the cell is a somewhat elongate white hya- 
line spot, expanded externally and posteriorly, and on 
the lower point traces of a second spot. Submarginal 
row as in N. Persius, but the hyaline spots much larger, 
the one in spot 8 being twice as long as broad, and the 
hour-glass spots above the submedian vein have pale 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 363 

brown centres. The marginal row of brown spots lacks 
the gray crescents, there being only mere traces of them, 
and are not set in a grayish field, there being some bluish 
scales inside this row over most of the wing, but none 
outside ; and there is not so much difference between the 
color of the end of the cell and the rest of the wing as 
in N. Persius. Hind wing with only traces of spots in 
the usual places. 

Under side a little paler brown than the upper, all the 
hyaline spots distinct. The marginal and submarginal 
bands of the fore wings are dimly outlined, the outer set 
in a paler ground. The usual double row of spots on 
the hind wings is dim. 

The male differs from the female in having the bands 
and hyaline spots less distinct, and the ground color a 
little darker. 

Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Kansas, 
Colorado. 

186. Nisoxtades Juvenalis, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.6 inches. 

Upper surface dark smoky brown, so dark that the 
usual bands are a little obscure. These are the mesial 
and submarginal bands of spots on the fore wings, and 
an obscure spot at the base of the cell. The mesial band 
would be obscure were it not for the few gray scales that 
border the spots. The upper point in the cell contains 
a small hyaline spot. The submarginal band contains 
five or six hyaline spots, the first four situated in spots 
1 to 4 of the band, and the fifth in spot 7. The spots 
of this band are shorter and less pointed than in N. 
Persius and N. Martialis, the last two scarcely united \ 



364 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

a few gray scales each side of the band. Outside this 
band is a series of blackish-brown roundish spots, with 
a few whitish scales between each spot and the obscure 
marginal line. 

Hind wings dark smoky brown, with a mere trace of 
the usual double row of marginal spots. 

Under side nearly as dark as the upper, with purple re- 
flections, especially on the hind wings. The hind wings 
show mere traces of the usual two rows of spots ; the 
fore wings have the hyaline spots distinct, and the mar- 
ginal and submarginal bands are to be seen, but the field 
on which they rest is not so pale as in N. Martialis. 
Fringes concolorous with the wings. 

According to Harris, the larva of this species feeds 
on species of Apios and Lathyrus, and perhaps other 
Leguminosse. It is green, with pale stripes, and has a 
heart-shaped brown head. 

The chrysalis is rather long and tapering, pale yellow- 
ish brown, with a few minute hairs on the body, and 
with the tongue-case prominent and projecting beyond 
the middle of the breast. There are two broods of these 
insects, the last hibernating in the chrysalis state. Prob- 
ably there are more than two broods in the Southern States. 

Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Colo- 
rado, Arizona. 

187. Nisoniades Petronius, Lintn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 

Upper surface dark blackish brown, the submarginal 
band of subsagittate spots oblique, black, being more 
drawn out inwardly towards the base as it approaches 
the hind margin. The black markings of the wings are 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 365 

more strongly contrasted with the dark brown ground 
than in N. Ncevius, but less so than in N. Juvenalis, — 
about equal to N. Persius. The white hyaline spots of 
the fore wings are of medium size, smaller than in the 
average N. Juvenalis ; the spot in the discal cell is small ; 
that in the upper median interspace on the transverse 
band of sagittate spots is crescentic, concave towards the 
base ; below this, in the second median interspace, is a 
smaller white spot, wanting in some examples. The 
four anteapical spots in the same band are not quite 
in a line, as they are in N. Juvenalis, the third stand- 
ing a little farther towards the base than the others; 
the second and third being oblong, instead of quadrate 
as in N. Juvenalis. 

There are fewer white scales on the fore wings than 
in N. Juvenalis, there being scarcely any on the basal 
side of the submarginal band, and only a few on the 
outer side. The pale on the outside of the marginal 
band is very dim. The usual two submarginal rows on 
*he hind wings are very obscure. 

Under side reddish brown, especially the hind wings, 
which show two rows of pale brown submarginal spots, 
which become obsolete before reaching the front margin 
of the wing, and wholly want the white spots in cells 6 
and 7 which characterize N. Juvenalis. The white spots 
of the fore wings are larger than above. 

Head : above the eyes and just behind the " locklet" 
are a few white scales ; behind and beneath the eyes are 
some pale yellow-brown scales, and similar-colored hairs 
compose most of the palpal covering, in strong contrast 
with the dark brown color of the legs, thorax, and 
abdomen. 

31* 



366 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

This is the largest species of the genus, and is sepa- 
rable from Juvenalis and Propertius by its darker color, 
less distinct ornamentation, less rounded wings, and the 
absence of white spots of the hind wings in cells 6 and 
7 ; from Nczvius by its larger size, more distinct mark- 
ings, and the contrasting lighter shade of the palpi. 

Indian River, Florida. 

188. Nisoniades N^evius, Lintn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.45 to 1.65 inches: 
Upper surface fuscous, almost black, with a purple 
reflection. The fore wings have four minute, subquad- 
rangular, costo-apical, hyaline spots, of which the fourth 
may be obsolete, resting on the first four spots of the 
submarginal band, and a similar spot on spot 7 of this 
band, but none on spot 8 nor at the end of the discal 
cell. An irregular umber-brown spot centres on the 
discal cross- vein, and between the median and submedian 
veins is another, showing more distinctly in the female. 
The terminal row of obscure, rounded, intervenular fus- 
cous spots rest on a dark umber-brown ground. All the 
markings are nearly lost in the dark ground ; those best 
defined are two confluent trapezoidal spots above the 
submedian vein, forming the posterior termination of 
the transverse row of spots, and defined without and 
within by a W in umber-brown. The spots of the trans- 
verse row are not of the ordinary sagittate form. The 
hind wings dark brown, showing faintly the two rows 
of intervenular paler brown spots, more distinctly in the 
female. Fringes dark brown, lighter upon their outer 
half in some males, and pale, approaching whitish, in the 
female. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 3(57 

Under side paler brown, and showing more or less 
distinetly the two ordinary rows of pale brown spots 
towards the outer margin, and in one male a white spot 
in the cell, not seen on the upper surface. Head and 
palpi concolorous with the thorax, abdomen, and legs. 

Indian River, Florida. 

189. Pholisora Catullus, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches. 

Upper surface deep brownish black. The fore wings 
have a submarginal row of eight white hyaline spots, 
3, 4, and 5 curving outward beyond the cell, 6 and 7 
in the two median interspaces, 8 above the submedian. 
The first three are subquadrate, the rest mere dots. 
There is also a small spot at the end of the cell. Hind 
wings without marks. Fringes concolorous with the 
wings. 

Under side more of a brownish black, the spots on the 
fore wings repeated. The body and head are black above, 
the head with three longitudinal white stripes, 
the ends of the palpal hairs the same color; 
the palpi and head white beneath, the body 
black. 

Fig. 87 represents the egg of this species. 
The larva feeds on Monarda punctata, Che- 
nopodlum album, Ambrosia, and perhaps some related 
plants. It is found in the United States generally. 

190. Pholisora Hayhurstii, Edw. 

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches. 
Upper surface blackish browm, both wings crossed by 
two deeper brown bands, more distinct in the female ; 




368 TH E BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the mesial one crossing the fore wings before the end of 
the cell, the other submarginal, just beyond the end of 
the cell. In the submarginal band the fore wings have 
two small white spots near the costa, and a white point 
in the second median interspace. Hind wings dentate 
on the outer margin, the fringe of the points concolorous 
with the wing, that of the hollows paler. The bands 
siiow more plainly on the female than on the male, on 
account of the ground color being a little paler, and there 
is a trace of a third anteapical spot. 

Under side a little paler than the upper, a little sprin- 
kled with ochraceous scales, the spots of the upper side of 
the wings repeated. 

Body above concolorous with the wings, below gray- 
ish ; head and palpi above with a few brownish-yellow 
scales, below white. 

West Virginia to Kansas, Florida, Texas, New 
Mexico. 

191. Eudamus Pylades, Scud. 

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown. The fore wings are 
marked by several white hyaline spots : first three ante- 
apical in the subcostal interspaces ; three more above the 
cell, about two-fifths the distance from the base of the 
wing to the apex, — both of these in a line back from the 
costa ; two more in the median interspaces, and one below 
the lower median venule, close to this venule and nearer 
the margin than the others. All of these are small, 
those of the costal region subquadrate, the others trian- 
gular, the one in the lower median interspace more or 
less obsolete. There is also a curved brown mark be- 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 369 

yond the cell from the lower end of the anteapical row. 
The lower three are arranged in the form of a triangle, 
and when one is obsolete its place is indicated by a mark 
of deeper brown than the rest of the wing. Hind wings 
without spots. Fringes fuscous gray, dark brown at the 
ends of the veins. 

Under side of fore wings about the same color as the 
upper, but shaded with darker brown at the base, and 
sprinkled with pale blue scales on the outer part. The 
hind wings colored as above, but with two irregular 
bands across them, limited by wavy 
black lines, and sprinkled on the outer FlG ; 88, 

part with pale blue lines. Body above 
and below dark brown. 

Fig. 88 represents the egg of this spe- 
cies magnified twenty-eight diameters. 
The larva feeds on clover, the perfect 

L , . ,, , . T ' I . E. Pylades, egg, X2& 

insect being found in June, or earlier in 
the Southern States. 

New England to Florida, Dakota, Colorado, Cali- 
fornia. 

192. Eudamus Bathyllus, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, about the same color as E. 
Pylades, with a slight grayish tinge. This is almost an 
exact copy of E. Pylades with the spots enlarged. The 
spots in the middle of the costa of the fore wings are 
connected with one in the cell that extends from the sub- 
costal to the median vein, hour-glass-shaped, sometimes 
separated in the middle into two triangular spots. These 
are in line with two of the three spots below, forming a 

y 




maaaaamamammmmmmmmmmtwwwmam^mmmmaaamma^am 



370 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

triangle, the one in the second median interspace and the 
one below the lower branch of the median, the spot in 
the first median interspace being outside the line. The 
middle one of these last three spots is as large as the one 
in the cell, but is not so much constricted in the middle ; 
the upper is next in size, and the lower one is small. 
The anteapical series consists of three quadrate, white, 
hyaline spots, with a wdiite spot next the costa. Hind 
wings without spots, but with some brown clouding in 
the middle. Fringes pale gray, brown at the base, cut 
with brown at the ends of the veins on the fore wings. 

Under side as in E. Pylades, except that there is more 
gray on the hind margin of the fore wings, and the white 
spots are larger than in that species, being a little larger 
than on the upper side. Body and head above concol- 
orous with the wings ; below grayish, the head and palpi 
whitish. 

West Virginia to Florida, Illinois, Kansas, New 
Mexico. 

193. Eudamus Lycidas, Sm. — Abb. 

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, slightly yellow-tinted, with 
a purple reflection along the costa. The fore wings are 
crossed from near the middle of the costa in a direction 
towards the posterior angle by a yellow band of spots, 
consisting of the same spots as are found on E. Bathyllus. 
The spot in the cell and the one in the second median in- 
terspace are greatly enlarged, so as to be nearly or quite 
quadrate ; the others also are enlarged, but not to the 
same extent. Beyond this band there is the usual ante- 
apical row of four spots, the fourth a little out of line, 



EASTERN UNITED 'STATES. 371 

and, not in line with the others, a small triangular spot 
above the base of the first median venule. Hind Avings 
without spots. Fringes of fore wings dark brownish 
gray, cut with black at the ends of the veins ; those of 
the hind wings with the pale part paler ; those of the 
inner margin black ; a black line edging both wings, and 
shading in a little on the hind wings. 

Under side of fore wings brown, blackish inside the 
mesial band, grayish along the hind margin, the apex 
shaded with black and having a few whitish scales. The 
spots of the mesial band are more confluent than above, 
the others less distinct. 

Hind wings with the base dark, slightly grayish ; 
through the middle an irregular broad black band, not 
reaching either margin, and having a large patch of brown 
in it at the end of the cell, the black sprinkled with gray 
scales. Outside this to the margin of the wing it is pure 
white through the middle half; the apical portion, the 
anal portion, and along the inner margin white more or 
less tinged with brown ; the whole crossed by abbreviated 
brown streaks. 

Body black, the under side of head and palpi slightly 
sprinkled with gray. 

Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi 
Valley. 

194. Eudamus Cellus, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 

Upper surface dark blackish brown ; the fore wings 
crossed by a broad continuous yellow band, beginning 
near the middle of the costa and ending in a point near 
the posterior angle, bending inward a little here towards 



372 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

the hind margin. From the costa to the lower branch 
of the median the band is of nearly uniform width, but 
the rest of the distance it tapers a little. The inner edge 
is nearly straight, but the outer sends out an angle just 
below the end of the cell. Three-fourths of the distance 
from the base, extending from the costa back, is a short 
anteapical line composed of three quadrate coalescing 
yellow spots, and a small dot next the outer lower corner 
of the third spot. Hind wings without marks, except a 
little yellowish at the apex. Fringes black or blackish, 
with a few gray or whitish spots between the veins. 

Under side of fore wings the same as the upper, ex- 
cept that the hind margin is gray, the apical half of the 
outer margin reddish brown, and the costal portion of 
the mesial band and the anteapical line paler yellow. 
Hind wings dark purplish brown, with three irregular, 
somewhat poorly defined, darker brown bands, and a 
very slight sprinkling of buff scales. Along the outer 
margin is a series of deep brown lunules surrounded by 
scattering pale blue scales. 

Body black, under side of palpi and head pale ochra- 
ceous. 

West Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Arizona. 

195. Eudamus Zestos, Hub. 

Expanse of wings from 2.2 to 2.4 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, with a slight bronze reflec- 
tion, marked almost like the upper surface of E. Tityrus. 
This consists of a yellow band from near the middle of 
the costa back towards the posterior angle, ending in a 
blunt point about the middle of the medio-submedian 
interspace, the point below the lower median fork being 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 373 

about twice as large as iu E. Tityrus. The inner edge 
of the band above the median fork is nearly straight, 
being notched a little at the subcostal vein, but is a little 
more oblique than in E. Tityrus. The outer edge is 
more irregular, the spot in the cell and the one in the 
lower median interspace being concave, and there are 
notches at the median and subcostal veins. The spot 
outside the band in the first median interspace is nearly 
square. Beyond the band is the usual anteapical line of 
three spots, extending obliquely outward in a curve. 

Under side of about the same general color as the upper, 
the fore wings with the markings of the upper surface. 
The hind wings have a faintly-indicated median band of 
a slightly paler color than the rest of the wing, not reach- 
ing either margin, and two faint spots between this and 
the anal angle, and more or less scattering tawny scales. 
Both wings below have a strong purplish reflection, the 
outer margin slightly paler. Fringes concolorous with 
the wings, the hind wings paler, but without brown at 
the ends of the veins. 

Body above purple-brown ; thorax covered with tawny 
hairs, beneath more or less shaded with fulvous ; palpi 
fulvous. Club of antennae brown above, fulvous below 
and at the sides. 

This strongly resembles E. Tityrus above, but the yel- 
low spots are less confluent and more opaque, the general 
color is deeper, and the fringes are not divided by brown 
at the ends of the veins. The under side lacks the con- 
spicuous silver band on the under side of the hind wings. 
This was described by Mr. C. E. Worthington as E. 
Oberon. 

Florida ; Sanford, Marco Island. 
32 



374 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

196. Eudamus Titykus, Fab. 

Expanse of wings from 1.8 to 2.1 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown. The fore wings are 
crossed by an oblique yellow band of four large spots 
from the middle of the costa to near the posterior angle, 
where it ends in a rounded point, the lower part of the 
spot below the lower median fork being but little nar- 
rower than the upper part which rests against the vein. 
The inner edge of this band is nearly straight, a little 

Fig. 89. 




Eudamus Tityrus, the left hand showing the under Bide of wings. 

convex, the band narrowed a little as it approaches the 
costa. The outer edge is regularly dentate, the spot in 
the cell and the one below being straight on the outside. 
Beyond the band there is a narrow spot in the first me- 
dian interspace extending from vein to vein. The ante- 
apical line near the costa is obliquely curved outward 
and composed of three spots. Fringes gray, cut with 
brown at the ends of the veins. 

Under side brown, about the same shade as above, the 
outer and costal edges tinged with purplish gray. The 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 375 

fore wings have the yellow spots of the upper side re- 
peated, the spots more confluent. The hind wings have 
a conspicuous silvery white band in the middle, nearly 
reaching the costa, but not so near the inner margin. 
This band is narrow in the anterior portion, but broadly 
expanded in the middle, and rounded posteriorly, so as 
to be somewhat flask-shaped. Palpi brown, slightly 
yellowish beneath. 

The larva of this species is to be found on the common 
locust, rose acacia, Wistaria, and in the South on a species 
of wild bean. When young, it cuts into the edge of a 
leaf, and, drawing the flap over and fastening it with 
silk, makes for itself a retreat, within which it stays. 
As it increases in size, a larger section is cut in the leaf; 
and, when this will no longer serve the purpose of pro- 
tection, two or more leaves are fastened together. The 
larvae feed mostly at night, keeping themselves concealed 
within their retreats during the daytime. 

The egg is nearly globular, flattened at the base, with 
fifteen ridges from base to apex; diameter, .04 of an 
inch. Color white, with a bright red spot at the apex, 
and a ring of the same color a little above the middle. 
The duration of this period is about four days. 

The young larva is .1 of an inch long, orange; the 
head short, a little oblique, black ; joint 2 dark brown ; 
a few hairs scattered over the body. Before the close of 
this period the body shows a profusion of fine elevations. 

In nine days from hatching the larva moults the first 
time, when it is .2 of an inch long, with the colors the 
same as during the preceding period, except that the 
second segment is pale reddish brown, with a central 
transverse dark brown stripe. 



^76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

After the second moult, which occurs eleven days 
later, it is .55 of an inch long, the ground color yellow- 
ish black, with about six transverse yellow lines to each 
joint ; the interspaces being dotted with yellow, giving 
the body a yellowish appearance. The last two seg- 
ments are a little orange-tinted. Head cordate, this and 
the second segment brownish black, the latter shining, 
the head with an orange spot on each side above the 
ocelli. 

In seven days more the larva moults again, when it 
is .75 of an inch long, with the color of the body un- 
changed ; but the head is dark brown, and the second 
segment is black, with the sides and under parts red; 
the rest orange, the prolegs with a dark yellow base. 

The larva moults the fourth time in four days more, 
when it is .9 of an inch long, but at the close of this 
stage, before pupating, it is 1.15 inches long. The head 
is broader than the middle of the body, a little oblique ; 
and the second segment tapers anteriorly to a distinct 
neck. The body is a little flattened, tapering from the 
middle each way. The color remains about the same, 
the head assuming a little more of a wine color, and 
the top of the second segment and the jaws dark brown, 
the sides and feet on this joint about as before. 

The time from the last moult to the change to a chrys- 
alis varies with the season. One that 
moulted September 1 pupated October 4. 
This change takes place in the cluster 
of leaves it has woven together for a 
e. Tityrus, chrysalis. re t rea t during the larval period. Before 
pupating it lines the retreat with a thin coating of silk. 
The chrysalis is .76 of an inch long, the head-case 




EASTERN UNITED STATES. 377 

blunt conical ; the dorsum from near the head nearly 
straight, as shown in Fig. 90 ; the ventral side strongly 
ventricose, tapering abruptly from the end of the wing- 
cases to the tip of the abdomen, the cremaster a some- 
what triangular piece, .06 of an inch long. Color red- 
dish brown, finely mottled and spotted with dark brown, 
the end of the humerus blackish brown, with two smaller 
spots between them. Stigmata and eyes darker than the 
general color. 

There are two or more broods of these butterflies in 
a season, the last brood hibernating in the pupa state, 
while the others emerge from the chrysalides in about 
two weeks. 

United States generally. 

197. Eudamus Proteus, Linn. 

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches. 

Upper surface dark olive-brown ; base of fore wings, 
basal half of hind wings, and upper part of body with 
light green hairs. The fore wings have an oblique 
transverse row of four whitish hyaline spots, extending 
from the costa near the middle to near the posterior 
angle. These spots are in the same position as the 
spots composing similar bands in E. Zestos, Tityrus, etc. ; 
but they differ in being of about the same size and 
separated by the dark brown veins, the one in the cell 
constricted a little in the middle, the lower three near 
one another only at their corners. Beyond this band is a 
spot in the first median interspace, also constricted in the 
middle ; and beyond the cell is an anteapical row of five 
spots, curved, the first two spots oblong, the third nearly 
quadrate, the fourth and fifth elongate in the direction 

32* 



378 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

of the line, the fourth often divided in the middle into 
two spots. 

Hind wings without spots, the anal angle produced 
into a tail ,5 of an inch long, outer margin dentate. 
Fringes of fore wings gray, cut with brown at the ends 
of the veins ; of hind wings white, except those of the 
tail on the inner margin, which are black. 

Under side of fore wings brown, the costa at base, the 
area between the two bands, and the outer margin pur- 
plish glaucous. The spots are enlarged, and are more 
confluent than above. The hind wings have the same 
glaucous color all over their surface except the tail, the 
anal two-thirds of the outer margin, and two bands 
through the wings, which are olive-brown, the tail almost 
black. The inner of these two bands reaches only to 
the subcostal vein, and above that and a little to each 
side are two black patches. The whole surface is 
sprinkled over with a few whitish and yellowish scales. 
Palpi pale gray, underneath almost white. 

The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, fusiform, a fine 
dark dorsal line, a bright yellow subdorsal band, which 
is dilated on the twelfth segment, and a pale green line 
along the base of the body. The dorsal space, between 
the bands, is gray dotted with black and yellowish ar- 
ranged in transverse lines. The sides are gray, with the 
upper half dotted with black. Collar lustrous black ; 
anal plate yellow, greenish in the middle. Under side 
pale green, legs black, prolegs yellow. Head large, 
round, brown, pubescent, slightly depressed at top; a 
yellow spot on each side of the mouth, narrowing up- 
ward, and fading into the light brown of the upper 
part of the face. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 379 

Chrysalis. — Covered with a white powder. The larva 
feeds on leguminous plants, — Phaseolus perennis and 
CUtoria Mariana. 

Southern States; occasionally in New York. 

198. Erycides Batabano, Lef. 

Expanse of wings from 2.3 to 2.6 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface deep smoky brown, with a 
pronounced indigo- violet reflection. Fore wings with- 
out markings, other than a few scattering blue or green 
scales about the base of the wings. Fringes concol- 
orous. 

Hind wings with a row of brilliant blue or green 
elongated submarginai spots, more or less confluent, in- 
terrupted by the veins, and becoming obsolete towards 
the costal margin. Fringes with some white in the 
intervenular spaces. 

Under side of fore wings paler, with a purplish cast, 
a few blue or green scales along the costa, about the 
base, and near the posterior angle. Hind wings much 
like the upper side, but deeper, the purplish reflection 
at the costal margin gradually changing to deep indigo 
as it approaches the abdominal folds ; a few blue or 
green scales in the median space and along the inner 
margin. Submarginai spots as above, but brighter. 

Female. — Upper side paler than in the male, gradu- 
ally growing deeper over both wings until nearly black 
at the anal angle, both wings with a faint purplish re- 
flection in certain lights. Markings on the hind wings 
like those of the male. Beneath differing from the male 
only in its paler color, and in having a purple reflection, 
which is more prominent than on the upper side. 



^■■n 



380 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

Body deep brown above and below, some blue or 
green scales on the collar, front, and shoulders, and 
arranged in bands on the posterior segments of the 
abdomen. Palpi greenish white. Antennae dark brown. 
Hind wings produced a little at the anal angle. 

Florida. 

199. Erycides Amyntas, Fab. 

Expanse of wings 2 inches. 

Upper surface dark brown, almost black, with a 
strong purple reflection. A little beyond the middle 
of the cell of the fore wings is a white hyaline bar 
extending across the cell, emarginate externally. Below 
this, and a little farther out, in the second median inter- 
space, is a similar but larger subquadrangular spot, and 
in the first median interspace is another, more oblong 
in shape. The first two of these three spots represent 
two of the four spots which form the median oblique 
band of Eudamus Tityrus and allied species. There 
is near the apex an oblique row of three anteapical 
small spots, subquadrate in form, the first the smallest. 
Hind wings without spots. Fringes fuscous, those of 
the fore wings darkest ; the anal angle somewhat pro- 
duced. 

The under side has the spots of the upper surface of 
the fore wings repeated. The surface along the costa, a 
broad apical portion and the external margin of the fore 
wings, and all of the hind wings, except two bands of 
spots and the anal angle, rich purple, not very dark ; 
all the rest of the surface is dark brown. The dark 
brown portion consists of two transverse bands, marking 
nearly the division of the wing into thirds, and a broad 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 



381 



portion around the anal angle. Body black ; palpi and 
under side of head gray. 
Key West, Florida. 

200. Megathymus Yucc^e, Bd. — Lee. 

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches. 
Male. — Upper surface deep umber-brown, the base 
of both wings tinged with yellow, the markings yellow. 

Fig. 91. 




Megathymus Yuccas, female (natural size). 

The fore wings have a large spot in the outer end of the 
cell that is subquadrate ; above this in the interspaces are 
three small spots in an oblique line, but little more than 
mere dots. Beyond these is a submarginal row of spots 
which begin in the usual line of anteapical spots about 
four-fifths the distance from the base to the apex, but 
the two spots opposite the cell are nearer the outer mar- 
gin, and from these they gradually run nearer the mar- 
gin, till the last one is close to the posterior angle, as 
shown in Fig. 91. The first of the four anteapical spots 



382 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 

is a mere dot, the next three are a little longer than wide, 
the fifth and sixth are narrow but reaching from vein to 
vein, the seventh and eighth are in the median inter- 
spaces, and the ninth is above the submedian. The last 
three are somewhat irregularly convex on the inner side, 
but less so on the outer. Hind wings without spots, but 
with a yellow washing along the outer margin. 

Under side deep brown, like the upper, but brighter, 
the outer portion of both wings pearly gray, with a patch 
of the same color on the middle of the costa of the hind 
wings, and a white crescent below it, and the same scales 
sprinkled along the inner margin and the faint streaks 
through the wings. The spots of the fore wings are re- 
peated, but somewhat enlarged, the color paler yellow, 
whitish in the costal region. 

Female. — The general color and markings of the fore 
wings as in the male, but much larger. The spot in the 
cell extends from vein to vein, and inward along the 
median a little way towards the base, the three spots 
above nearly as long as the spot in the cell is wide. Be- 
sides the much enlarged anteapical spots, which are paler 
yellow than the other spots, there are three oblique pale 
yellow spots on the costa before the apex. The lower 
three spots of the submarginal band are widened, so that 
the inner upper corner almost reaches the cell. Hind 
wings, besides the yellow scales along the margin, have a 
discal row of four small spots not reaching either margin. 
Under side as in the male, except that the spots are more 
prominent, and the spots near the costa of the fore wings 
are more washed with white. The female is larger than 
the male, the smaller of the expanses given applying to 
the male. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 333 

According to Professor C. V. Riley, the larva of this 
species lives inside the stem and root of the Yucca, or 
Spanish Bayonet, being the only one of our butterflies 
that lives in the larval state as a borer on the inside 
of the stems of plants, unless we include the allied 
species M. Cofaqui. There is a probability that when 
the life-history of that species is known it will be found 
to have similar habits. The eggs are deposited singly 
on the leaves, and, when hatched, the larva conceals 
itself in a web between some of the more tender ter- 
minal leaves. Generally it will be found at first near 
the tip of a leaf, where the sides naturally roll up and 
afford a safe retreat. It then gradually works to the 
base, feeding as it goes, and rolling and shrivelling the 
blade as it descends. Other blades are often joined, the 
insect living among the blades till it is about one-fourth 
grown, seldom entering the stem before that time. 

The egg is subcorneal, the top flattened or depressed 
and with a slight central dimple, the base concave, 
smooth but not polished. Color pale green when first 
deposited, but inclining to buff-yellow or brown before 
hatching. The diameter is about .1 of an inch, the 
height about .06. 

The young larva is about .2 of an inch long, of a 
dark brick-red color, head and top of the second segment 
pitchy black. The abdominal joints show two princi- 
pal transverse folds. There are six rows of stiff black 
hairs arising from the body or from very small tubercles. 
Head larger than the second segment, rounded, but some- 
what flat in front ; cervical shield narrow and in one 
piece ; both minutely punctured. No anal plate. 

The full-grown larva averages 2.6 inches in length by 



384 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



A of an inch in diameter. Color dull translucent white. 
Surface faintly aciculate, sparsely armed dorsally with 
minute, evenly-distributed, short, rufous bristles, spring- 
ing from the general surface, and not very noticeable 
with the naked eye ; covered more or less copiously with 
a white, glistening, powdery secretion of a waxy nature. 
Cylindrical; the abdominal joints with eight annulate 

Fig. 92. 




a/ 



Megathymus Yuccse : a, egg, side-view, enlarged ; 6, egg from which the larva has 
hatched; 66, 666, unhatched eggs, natural size; c, newly-hatched larva, enlarged; 
cc, full-grown larva, natural size; d, under side of head of same, enlarged to show 
the trophi. 

or transverse wrinkles to each joint, — the first three oc- 
cupying the anterior half, the third more prominent and 
widening laterally, and the other five on the posterior 
half of the joint, all best defined dorsally. The thoracic 
joints somewhat larger than the rest, more deeply and 
irregularly wrinkled ; the substigmatal region with lon- 
gitudinal folds. Head black, perpendicular, and aspe- 
rous or deeply shagreened ; epistoma and labrum brown, 
small, and usually with a transverse median ridge, the 



HM 



MM 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 385 

^-shaped mark white, forking before the suture, the forks 
having the shape of U ; mandibles stout, subtriangular, 
non-dentate ; antennae (Fig. 92, /) two-jointed, exclusive 
of the bulbus, the terminal joint twice as long as the 
basal ; niaxilloe and labium and men turn forming a sub- 
quadrate piece, bulging out prominently from beneath, 
the parts seemingly soldered together and separated only 
by deep sutures ; the maxillary palpi (Fig. 92, e) consist- 
ing of two broad joints ; the labium small, trapezoidal, 
highly polished, with the spinneret (A) twice as long as 
the palpi (g), which are small, recurved, and two-jointed, 
exclusive of the bul bus ; a few stout bristles on the 
labrum, on the palpigerous piece of the maxilla, on the 
mentum, on the base of the mandibles, and around the 
ocelli, which are not easily distinguished from the more 
globular of the shagreenations. Cervical shield more 
glabrous than the head, and scarcely darker than the 
body, except around the hind border. Thoracic legs 
very short, but stout, with the horny parts deep brown, 
and sparsely armed with bristles. Prolegs well devel- 
oped, the hooks in a double row, and forming a distinct 
purple-brown, transversely oval annulus, but slightly 
broken at the narrow ends. Anal shield rounded be- 
hind, coriaceous rather than corneous, and with a slight 
increase of bristly hairs, especially around the border. 
Stigmata large, with a purple-brown, oval annulus. 

Chrysalis. — Average length 1.5 inches; cylindrical, 
broadest at the shoulders, recurving ventrally towards 
the tip, and terminating in a broad, flattened, posteriorly 
rounded, transverse, slightly decurving flap, the borders 
thickened basally and extending ventrally. Eyes prom- 
inent, with a transverse carina ; wing-cases reaching the 
r * 33 



wm 



386 



THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE 



Fig. 93. 



hind part of the fourth abdominal segment. Surface 
but slightly polished, and faintly corrugate ; a few ex- 
tremely minute, bristle-like spines distributed over the 
abdominal joints dorsally, and the two 
or three terminal joints with stiff rufous 
hairs, increasing posteriorly. Color 
black-brown anteriorly, paler on the 
abdomen, and more or less densely 
covered with a white powdery secre- 
tion like that on the full-grown larva. 
There is but one brood in a season, 
the butterflies appearing in April and 
May. The eggs hatch in about ten 
days, but the larva does not pupate till 
late in the following winter or early in 
the spring. The burrow often extends 
two feet or more below the surface of 
the ground. Before pupating, the larva 
makes a place of exit for the butterfly, lightly closing 
this cavity near the top. It then makes a cell suf- 
ficiently farther down to give it room enough to pupate, 
and in this it undergoes its transformations. 
Southern States, New Mexico, Arizona. 

201. Megathymus Cofaqui, Strecker. 

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.6 inches. 

This differs from M. Yuccce in having more yellow at 
the base of the wings, the female having the yellow spots 
in and above the cell of the fore wings connected in a 
continuous row with those below instead of the spots be- 
yond the cell, and the anteapical spots making up with 
these the row across the wing. This is due to the greatei 




Megathymus Yuccae, 
pupa. 



EASTERN UNITED STATES. 337 

expansion inwardly of the three lower spots, so as to 
bring them under the cell. Below the median vein there 
is a yellowish spot about one-third the distance from the 
base to the margin. The anteapical spots and the two 
beyond the cell are like those in M. Yuccce. Hind wings 
with a yellow spot on the costa and a more distinct 
yellow border, besides the discal row of yellow spots. 

The male has on the outer half of the fore wings an 
irregular row of five pale yellow spots of various sizes 
and shapes, the lower three pointed internally. The 
hind wings have a rather narrow, even, straw-colored 
border. Fringes dirty white. 

The under side of the fore wings of both sexes is like 
the upper, the hind wings with the addition of some gray 
shading on the costa and several subterminal white spots, 
otherwise much as in the other species. 

The whole of the upper surface of the hind wings of 
the male, except the space occupied by the outer border, 
is thickly covered with long, fine, black hairs, which 
stand nearly at right angles to the surface, to the height 
of nearly a quarter of an inch. The basal third of the 
under side of the fore wings is furnished with a similar 
coat of hairy appendages. 

Florida, Colorado. (See Addenda.) 



ADDENDA. 



3. Papilio Asterias, Fab. (Page 89.) 
On page 92, the food plants of this species are given 
as " parsley, celery, parsnips, ard other related plants." 
The larvae have been found in Lincoln Park, Chicago, 
feeding on fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) and common 
rue (Ruta Graveolens). The first of these is a plant re- 
lated to the ordinary food-plants of the species, but the 
other is a species differing widely from the order Um- 
belliferse to which the others belong. 

17 J. Callidryas Statira, Cramer. (Page 119.) 

The male is of the color of C. Eubule, but the border 
of raised scales extends more than half-way across the 
wing, and there is a large spot of these scales in the end 
of the cell. The inner edge of this border is nearly 
straight, and it is very pale yellow, almost white. On 
the hind wings the border is narrower, more irregular, 
and ends before reaching the anal angle. The under 
side is much as in C. Eubule, but with only faint traces 
of any spots. 

Taken at Lake Worth, Florida. 

Var. Floridensis, Neumogen. — In this form the 
males have a bright sulphur-yellow on the basal half 
of the fore wings, the broad anterior space being of a 
creamy white. The hind wings have the basal three- 
fourths bright sulphur-yellow. The females are not 

33* 389 



390 ADDENDA. 

yellow, but creamy white, with large, black discal spots ; 
costal margin and apex of fore wings black ; the basal 
area of hind wings with prominent citron tinge. 
Upper Indian River, Florida. 

21. Callidryas Agarithe, var. Maxima, Neum. 
(Page 126.) 

Expanse of wings 2.60 inches. 

In this form the ground color of the male is intense 
orange, with prominent black dotlets at the inception of 
the venules and on the outer margin of both fore and 
hind wings. The female is of the same color. The discal 
spot, the diagonal line of dots from apex to submedian 
vein and along outer margin, are brownish red. On 
the hind wings the markings along the outer margin are 
dark red with a blackish tint, much resembling those 
of C. Philea. 

Upper Indian River, Florida. 

35J. CoLiENis Delila, Fabr. (Page 148.) 

Expanse 3.50 inches. 

Upper surface clear reddish fulvous, paler than Julia, 
The fore wings have a very narrow black edging on the 
costa and outer margin, scarcely more than the width of 
a vein, the subcostal vein black, with a few black scales 
between this and the costa beyond the cell. One exam- 
ple from Florida has a black bar at the end of the cell, 
two small black points projecting inward from the outer 
margin, and a narrow short bar between the lower point 
and the end of the cell. Hind wings with the costal 
edge grayish, and outer border black with two more or 
less complete rows of fulvous spots. 



ADDENDA. 391 

Under side paler than the upper, clouded; a white 
streak along the eosta of fore wings at base, and another 
on the hind wings below the subcostal vein ; hind wings 
with a small red spot bordered with black at the bas c ; <;».( 
the median vein, the bases of the submedian and inter- 
nal veins white with a black edging; some black and 
white crescents at the anal angle. 

Occasionally in Florida and Texas. 

38 J. Argynnts Leto, Behr. (Page 155.) 

Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3 inches. 

Male. — Upper side pale fulvous, obscure at base, 
lightly marked and spotted with black ; hind margins 
of both wings bordered by two fine parallel lines be- 
tween which the space is fulvous ; the fore wings have 
a submarginal row of serrated spots, not touching each 
other or the marginal lines ; a transverse line of rounded 
spots, an indistinct bar on costal margin, sometimes 
wanting, a zigzag median band of separated spots, 
mostly lunular ; outside the arc a spot shaped like the 
letter P inverted, and three sinuous bars in the cell. 

The hind wings have a submarginal row of lunate 
spots, separated and not touching the marginal lines, a 
second of small rounded spots or points, and a mesial 
of small widely separated crescents in size and shape like 
those of Aphrodite ; on the arc a pyriform or obovate spot. 

On the under side the fore wings are pale fulvous at 
the base, light buff on the costal margin and the marginal 
interspaces, the venules edged with brown ; the subapical 
patch browm ; submarginal spots serrated, enclosing buff 
spaces, not silvered ; other markings as on the upper 
surface. 



392 ADDENDA. 

The under side of hind wings dull ferruginous from 
the base to the second row of spots ; between the two 
outer rows a broad buff belt, as in Cybele ; the silver 
spots are twenty-one or tweuty-two in number, — viz., 
seven submarginal, lunate, edged with ferruginous be- 
low and above ; the second row of seven or eight, all but 
the last heavily edged above with black, and projecting 
a brown shadow on the belt, the first, second and fifth 
largest, third and sixth half the size of the others, the 
fourth minute, the seventh and eighth (when present) 
streaks ; the third row of three, edged also with black 
above ; a small rounded spot in the cell, a patch at the 
origin of the median venule and anot-hcr at base of cos- 
tal ; costa at base and abdominal margin slightly, if at 
all, silvered. 

The body above is dark brown, beneath the abdomen 
is yellowish ; palpi fulvous; antennae fulvous, the club 
tipped with fulvous. 

Female. — The upper side dark ferruginous brown 
from base to the middle of disk ; and beyond, to the 
brown marginal band, grayish-yellow. On the under 
side the fore wings have the base and posterior margin 
port-wine color, and the apical and costal portion, as far 
as the middle of the cell, grayish yellow ; the hind wings 
have the basal two-thirds deep ferruginous, and between 
the two outer rows of spots a clear band of grayish 
yellow, brighter colored than on the upper side ; spots as 
in the male. 

The larva and food plant of this species are unknown. 

California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Montana, 
and lately it has been found in Iowa and Michigan. 



ADDENDA. 393 

84J. Neonympha Mitchellii, French. (Page 238.) 
Expanse of wings, male, 1.20 to 1.30 inches; female, 
1.50 inches. 

Male. — Upper surface grayish wood-brown, rather 
dark, without spots or marks, except that the spots of 
the under side of the hind wings and the dark lines bor- 
dering the terminal dark yellow line on the same wings 
show through a little. Fringes concolorous, in certain 
lights a little smoky tinged. Under surface slightly 
paler than the upper, a little more of the mouse order 
of color, sprinkled with buff scales. Both the wings are 
crossed by four transverse brownish-yellow stripes, so 
dark on the fore wings as to be yellow brown, occupying 
the same position as the same lines in its ally, N. Areo- 
latus, the first and second uniting by a rounded end 
about a tenth of an inch from the inner margin of hind 
wings, the two outer — one terminal and the other sub- 
terminal — also uniting before reaching anal angle. In 
Areolatus these lines do not unite. Each of these lines 
has a dark brown [more or less distinct] fine bordering 
line on each side of it. The first line crosses the fore 
wings a little more than two-thirds the distance from 
the base of the wing to end of cell, the hind wings about 
two-thirds. The second line crosses fore wing a little 
beyond the end of cell, the hind wings across the end 
of cell. The second and third are approximate anterior- 
ly, as in Areolatus. Fore wings with a row of four 
small ocelli between second and third lines, circled with 
pale Naples yellow or buff, the first varying from a dot, 
the size of an ordinary period, to about twice that diam- 
eter ; in four examples circular, in two, a little oval, in 



394 ADDENDA. 

two, a silvery metallic centre ; the second a little more 
than twice the diameter of the first, in three examples 
circular, the other three slightly ovate, each with from 
one to three metallic points, when three present in the 
form of a triangle ; the third averaging the size of the 
second, circular, with from one to two metallic points, 
when one central, when two in line with the row of 
spots ; the fourth about one-fourth larger than the first, 
circular, all but one, which has the buff circle almost 
complete on the outside, but also a few buff scales out- 
side the circle, a single metallic point to each of these. 

Hind wings with six ocelli to each wing, circled with 
buff as those on the fore wings. The first varying from 
a few buff scales, in one example with the black centre, 
to twice or thrice the diameter of an ordinary period, 
circular, the largest with, in one example, a silvery 
metallic point ; the second about .04 of an inch in diam- 
eter [the black portion], circular in four examples, in 
two, a slight bulging in outer anal part, from one to five 
metallic scales, aggregated or scattered ; the third from 
.08 to .07 of an inch in diameter, all nearly or quite cir- 
cular, two silvery metallic points, in line with the ocelli ; 
the fourth size of the third and the same shape. In 
each of these one example has a few black scales pro- 
jecting into the buff annulus externally on one wing, 
points as in the third, except that in one the metallic 
scales arv i scattered on one vring; fifth of the size of 
third, circular, in one example a few buff scataj invade 
the black externally on one wing, in two other examples 
they are a little irregular in shape externally on both 
wings, two metallic points to 0;M;h, svlth a few scattering 
scales in two examples ; sixth about constant in size, as 



ADDENDA. 395 

large as the largest of the first, one metallic point in all 
but one ocellus where the scales scatter a little, circular. 

Body concolorous ; antennae above on basal two-thirds 
of the color of the wings, terminal third orange shading 
into the basal color ; beneath whitish, outer third orange ; 
sides of basal two-thirds brown and whitish. 

Female. — Differs from the male in being paler both 
above and below, and slightly in the arrangement of 
the transverse lines on the under side. In two out of 
four the second and third lines distinctly unite with each 
other near the anal angle, while the lines by which the 
first and second and the third and fourth unite are to be 
seen, but are obscure. In one of the other there is no 
union between the second and third, while there is plain 
union between first and second and third and fourth. 
The fourth has a distinct union between the first and 
second and third and fourth, but the rounded ends of 
these unions touch. Both wings of the same example 
are alike in tin's character. Ocelli as in the males, with 
about the same amount of variation. 

The food-plant is probably one of the wild grasses. 

Cass County, Michigan. 

94. Eumenia Atala, Poey. (Page 254.) 

In the catalogues this species is given Florida as a 
habitat. I believe, however, that it is more widely 
distributed, for I have found it once in Carbondale, 
Illinois. 

121. Lyo/Ena Lygdamus, var. Oro, Scud. (P. 285.) 

This form is of the same size and general markings 
as the typical species, but the blue of the upper surface 



396 ADDENDA. 

is a little more delicate, and the ground color of the 
under side is paler, being more of a brownish gray. 
The base of the wings are well sprinkled with blue 
scales on the under side. 
Illinois, west to California. 

124f. LYCiENA Alce, Edw. (Page 294.) 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Upper side of male brown, with a pinkish-blue reflec- 
tion, deeper blue next to the base. The hind wings 
have two fuscous points in the interspace near anal 
angle and a round spot in the space next preceding. 
Fringes grayish white. 

Under side fawn color, on the outer half of both 
wings reticulated with whitish lines. The fore wings 
have a mesial series of large, black, rounded spots, and 
a concolored spot on the end of cell, all edged with white. 
The hind wings have three spots on hind or outer mar- 
gin, corresponding to those of upper side, velvet black 
with metallic green edges ; two black spots on costa and 
two at base. Body above covered with blue hairs, be- 
low gray ; palpi white, last joint black ; antenna? annu- 
lated black and white ; club black above, fulvous below 
at tip. 

Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Kansas, Missouri. 

132 J. Ancyloxypha Longleyi, French. (Page 
301.) 

Female. — Expanse 1 inch. Fore wings with the 
costa more straight from the shoulder to near the apex 
than in Numitor, in this respect approaching Thymelicus ; 
apex rounded, but less than in Numitor ; outer margin 



ADDENDA 397 

and hind wing rounded much as in Numitor ; antennae 
reaching but little more than one-third the distance to 
apex of fore wings ; palpi as in Numitor, but the third 
joint longer ; abdomen surpassing hind wings, but less 
so than in Numitor ; the whole insect more robust than 
Numitor. 

Fore wings brown, darker than in Numitor, with- 
out the discal yellow patch, emitting a pale-blue sheen 
in reflected light ; a few yellow scales below the costa 
between the venules, and a few scattered on the base 
of the wing, but in either case not enough to give a 
yellow color ; otherwise the w T ing is uniform brown. 
Hind wings marked and colored as in Numitor ; yellow, 
with outer and costal borders and base brown, the brown 
along internal margin running to a point before reach- 
ing anal angle. 

Under side differing very little from the under side 
of Numitor; the dark central and posterior area of fore 
wings a little darker brown, the costal and outer mar- 
gins yellow, the yellow running to a point before reach- 
ing the posterior angle. Hind wings uniform yellow. 

Antenna? black, annulate with white ; club black, 
tipped with brown — the club of Numitor is tipped with 
black ; palpi white at sides, black above, terminal joint 
black ; thorax concolorous with fore wings, abdomen 
concolorous with hind wings. 

The above description is drawn from a single speci- 
men taken at Ridgeland, near Chicago, September 6, 
1896, by Mr. W. E. Longley, in whose cabinet it is 
and after whom I have named the species. In de- 
scribing the species I have compared the specimen with 
Numitor because that species is so common all over this 

34 



398 ADDENDA. 

portion of our country. I hope the Chicago collectors 
will be ou the lookout for this species the coming season. 

134. Pamphila Massasoit, var. Suffusa, Laurent. 
(Page 302.) 

This form has the yellow markings of the under sur- 
face of the hind wings almost obliterated by a suffusion 
of dark brown, while the upper surface of the fore wings 
is of a uniform dark brown, the light-colored margin 
found in the normal form being entirely wanting. The 
variation is generally found among the males, but also 
occurs sparingly in the females. 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

135 J. Pamphila Aaroni, Skinner. (Page 305.) 

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.25 inches. 

Male. — Uppor surface tawny, the fore wings with a 
blackish-brown border about one-eighth inch in width. 
The base of the wing is shaded a darker color by the 
same dusky scales. The veins are not defined by the 
dark color, as in var. Hobomoh. The tawny middle 
area of the wing is darker and more fiery than in the 
latter. The discal bar or dash is black and very distinct 
and well defined, although quite small in most of the 
specimens ; running from this obliquely towards the body 
to the posterior margin is a broken, very faint line. The 
hind wings are a practical reproduction of the fore wings, 
the only difference being that the dark border encircles 
the entire wing, but is narrower on the anterior margin, 
and the venation is well defined. 

Under side, extending from the thorax into the wing 
for about one-eighth inch, and covering only the lower 



ADDENDA. 399 

half of the base, is a sharply defined black spot, which 
has a pointed projection extending into the third median 
interspace. The middle area of the wing is tawny, but 
some shades lighter than the upper side. The border 
along the lower half of the outer margin is about the 
same width as above, but it widens considerably as it 
approaches the apex ; this border and the immaculate 
hind wings are of a light cinnamon-brown color. There 
is a brownish-black streak running along the posterior 
margin of the fore wings. 

Female. — A little larger than the male, and the colors 
of a lighter shade than in the male, and not so well de- 
fined. On the upper side it resembles var. Hobomok, 
and beneath P. Delaware, except in color. 

Food-plant and larva unknown. 

Cape May, New Jersey. 

139J. Pamphila Yehl, Skinner. (Page 309.) 

Expanse of wings 1.38 inches. 

This species looks considerably like P. Aaroni, and 
the fore wings are marked not unlike P. Pawnee, thus 
having a heavier stigma than P, Aaroni. On the upper 
side the fore wings are yellowish fulvous, with a brown 
border three-sixteenths of an inch wide ; three yellowish- 
fulvous subapical spots situated in the brown border, 
the border extending inward from these to the end of 
the cell ; stigma rather wide, and mud color in the 
middle; it is faintly divided in two by the venule. 
Beyond the stigma and extending to brown border are 
twu quadrate, yellowish-fulvous spots, and at outer end 
of stigma a small V-shaped one ; and at end of this, and 
directly below the extra discal, is another minute V- 



400 ADDENDA. 

shaped spot. The hind wings have the centre yellowisH 
fulvous, with a dark-brown border extending all around ; 
the yellowish fulvous is broken into four distinct parts 
by the venules, with an extra one in the cell. 

Under side. — There is nothing characteristic about 
the fore wings below ; the hind wings are light cinna- 
mon-brown in color (much like P. Leonardus) ; in the 
centre of the wing, closely placed, there is a semicircle 
of four yellowish, round spots, with an additional one 
placed more inwardly towards the base. 

Florida. 

140 J. Pamphila Slosson^e, Skinner. (Page 310.) 

In size and markings this species comes nearest to 
P. Leonardus. The male expands rather less than an 
inch and a half. Ground color of fore wings dark 
brown, with basal half of wing thickly covered with 
tawny scales, which beyond the stigma form three spots, 
and just above these are two small square ones. The 
three subcostal spots are represented as in P. Leonardus. 
Stigma narrow, black, and concave posteriorly. Hind 
wings same color as the fore wings, with tawny scales 
scattered over the basal half. There are four small, 
square, tawny spots close together, with a fifth elongated 
one at right angles with the four, on outer half of wing, 
running nearly parallel with the outer margin, only the 
angle made by the spots is more acute. Fringes of all 
wings dingy white. The maculation on under side of 
fore wings is nearly the same as in P. Leonardns y but in 
color very different, the ground color in this species 
being made up of yellowish and greenish scales; under 
side of hind wings olive-green, with the spots on the 



ADDENDA. 401 

upper side repeated, except that there is a sixth one near 
the centre of the wing, and all are dingy white. Fringes 
on under side same as above. Head and thorax above 
covered with greenish hair, beneath grayish yellow. 
Palpi almost white. 

The female expands a little more than an inch and a 
half. Fore wings very dark brown, with a broken 
band of yellow, consisting of five spots, commencing at 
the submedian vein and extending to within one-eighth 
inch of the apex. The subcostal spots are present as in 
the male, with additional ones at end of cell. The hind 
wings as in the male, but with spots fainter ; under side 
of wings also same as in male, but the white spots on 
hind wings are smaller. Fringes in female dark on fore 
wings, but gradually getting lighter on the hind wings 
towards the aual angle. 

Florida. 

157 J. Pamphila Panoquinoides, Skinner. (Page 
331.) 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Color, brown. Fore wings have two minute fulvous 
spots on the subcostal venules and a larger spot on the 
disk below these. Hind wings immaculate. On the 
under side the fore wings are of the same color as above, 
but of a lighter shade, Avith a patch of fulvous scales 
about one-eighth of an inch from the base ; the spots 
seen above are repeated, and there are two additional 
ones. One of these is V-shaped and is the largest, and 
situated between the first and second median venules. 
The last spot is near the middle of the posterior margin. 
The hind wings have a row of three white spots near 

aa 34* 



402 ADDENDA. 

the centre of the wing ; they are half as wide as long. 
Head, thorax, and abdomen same color as wings above, 
lighter beneath. 

Key West, Florida ; Texas. 

164J. Pamphila Howardi, Skinner. (Page 341.) 

Male. — Expanse of wings 1.50 inches. 

Upper side : the fore wings are tawny with a fnscous 
border a little more than one-eighth inch in width; 
there are from one to four small subapical tawny spots 
on the fuscous border ; at end of cell a dark spot which 
may or may not be connected with the stigma ; stigma 
rather more than an eighth of an inch in length, very 
narrow and unbroken, and extending to inner margin. 
The hind wings have the same fuscous border and tawny 
central area. Under side : the fore wings have tawny 
central area and border the same as the upper side ; 
there is a large triangular spot extending into the wing 
from the base. The tawny color above this spot is of a 
darker hue than that below and outside it. Hind wings 
very light brown, generally with four or five very faint 
tawny spots in the central area. 

The females are larger, without the stigma, and have 
the under side of hind wings immaculate. 

Larva and food-plant unknown. 

Florida. 

166 J. Pamphila Streckeri, Skinner. (Page 343.) 

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches. 

Male. — This is a yellowish-fulvous species, with a 
narrow dark-brown border to all the wings. The fore 
wings are yellowish fulvous, except the dark border, 



ADDENDA. 403 

which is about one-eighth of an inch in width. The 
stigma is a long, narrow, black line, extending from 
median venule to submedian vein, crossing obliquely 
two vein-spaces ; at the end of cell there is a distinct, 
black, V- shaped mark, composed of two lines, with the 
point towards the tip of the wing. The hind wings are 
yellowish fulvous, with a dark border similar to the 
fore wings, except that on fore wings there is no fuscous 
on costa, except at tip ; whereas on hind wings the dark 
border extends all around, and widens towards base of 
wings. The border on outer margin of hind wings is 
narrower than on fore wings, and the yellowish fulvous 
of central area of wings runs into it in marked inden- 
tations, there being four well-defined teeth. Fringes 
yellowish fulvous on all wings. 

Under side. — Fore wings same as above, excepting 
that there is the usual dark basal mark ; the border 
is same width as above, but lighter in color, and the 
yellow r veins run through it, giving the fuscous a den- 
tate appearance ; and the yellowish-fulvous fringe is 
separated from wing by a remarkably distinct and well- 
defined black line. The hind w T ings are greenish gray, 
with the veins lemon-yellow, making a distinct and 
curious combination ; the interspace between the last 
median venule and the median vein is bright yellowish 
fulvous. The fringe and black line the same as on fore 
wings. 

Florida. 

170J. Pamphila Carolina, Skinner. (Page 347.) 

Expanse of wings 1 inch. 

Male. — Fore wings fuscous, with three small, sub- 



404 ADDENDA. 

* 

apical, yellow spots, the uppermost one very small in 
comparison with the other two. There are two yellow 
spots about the middle of the cell, which are almost 
coalesced. There is a row of four yellow spots extend- 
ing across the wing from about its middle nearly to the 
posterior margin. The inner third of wing to base is 
dusted with yellow scales. Hind wings without spots, 
or rarely mere traces of yellow spots. 

On the under side the spots of the fore wings above 
are repeated, but not so well defined, with a distinct 
costal edging of brownish yellow. Hind wings brownish 
yellow, distinctly spotted with dark-brown dots. The 
body above is concolorous with the wings. The an- 
tenna? are distinctly annulated, and the club beneath 
is entirely yellow, except the tip. Body and palpi 
below concolorous with under side of wings. 

Richmond County, North Carolina. 

177. Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud. (Page 352.) 

Preparatory stages. 

Egg. — Diameter .02 inch. Blunt conical, height about 
the same as the diameter ; ridged with about 30 longi- 
tudinal striae, with shallower cross striae. Color pale 
green. Duration of this period six days. 

Young Larvse. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical ; head 
somewhat cordate, two-thirds the width of the body ; 
the anterior part of joint 2 about one-half the diameter 
of the head, the posterior part as wide as joint 3 ; each 
joint back of 2 with four low transverse folds besides 
the very narrow fold at each end of the joint. Color 
pale greenish with a white sheen ; piliferous spots con- 
colorous; hairs erect, forked to about the middle, the 



ADDENDA. 405 

forks curving back towards the body anteriorly and 
posteriorly. These are the hairs from the piliferous 
spots. Hairs on the body black, hairs on the head and 
joint 2 white and not furcate. Head jet black ; joint 2 
pale yellow-brown with a black transverse bar just back 
of the middle of the joint ; dark along the sides ; tho- 
racic feet black. There are eight hairs in pairs on the 
dorsal bar of joint 2. Duration of this period two or 
three days. 

After First Moult. — Length .15 inch. Shape not 
materially changed. Head and joint 2 jet black ; hairs 
all white, shorter than before, more numerous, the end 
capitate instead of bifid ; head and neck corrugated. 
Duration of this period six days. 

After Second Moult. — Length .40 inch. Marked as 
before ; hairs still capitate, white ; a dorsal and subdor- 
sal line a little more plainly green ; head and joint 2 
profusely tairy, but the hairs are all short, surface cor- 
rugated. Previous to this moult the larvae mostly lay 
coiled on the surface of the food-plant, but now they 
straighten out under a thin silky covering. Duration of 
this period four days. 

After Third Moult. — Length .50 inch. Cylindrical; 
head about the same width as the body ; black, covered 
with white hairs, each of which has about six short side 
spurs from about the middle up ; joint 2 black, with the 
dorsal bar red -brown with a whitish margin ; hairs on this 
joint of two kinds, short and long, the long about one- 
sixth the width of the body in length and very shallowly 
trifid at the end ; body, each joint with five folds, the 
anterior twice the width of the others ; two forms of 
hairs, one very short and the other long, each long one 



406 ADDENDA. 

about the length of those on joint 2 and arising from a 
white conical base, trifid at the outer end ; the short ones 
arising from a shorter cone and capitate at the end. 
Color of the body pale yellowish green, a more distinct 
dorsal and subdorsal stripe and the subdorsal space with 
mottlings of darker green ; stigmata sordid white. Du- 
ration of this period four days. 

After Fourth Moult. — Length .85 to .95 inch. About 
the same as during preceding period, but the head hairs 
have a brown tinge, and joint 2 is brown, with a whitish 
dorsal line, and sometimes subdorsal also. Duration of 
this period seven days. 

Pupa. — Length .55 inch; diameter .15 inch. Nearly 
cylindrical ; from the head to the posterior part of the 
wing-cases .37 inch, these extending nearly to the pos- 
terior edge of joint 5 ; body pretty well covered with 
short, simple, white hairs ; head rounded, eyes rather 
prominent, a prominent tuft of hairs between them 
(frontal hairs they might be called), another anterior 
tuft on the inner edge of margin of eye, more on the 
outer margin, while the space around the eye between 
these tufts is without hairs. Color gray; head gray 
with a greenish tinge except on the eye-space; dorsal 
part of thorax gray with a slight green tinge, three 
transverse rows of small black spots, the first, one on 
each side, subdorsal ; the second row six, one on each side 
of a very slight green dorsal line and one on each side of 
what would be a subdorsal line if such were present, a 
little anterior to the others ; third row six, one on each 
side of the dorsal line and one outside and a little an- 
terior to this, and one on the shoulder of hind wings. 
Spiracle just back of the eye large, elevated, dark, or 



ADDENDA. 407 

Vandyke Drown, the outer portion pale. Wing-cases 
green, ribbed as usual, mottled slightly in two shades, 
but not strongly contrasting; abdomen with each joint 
gray (the gray of the whole pupa a more sordid white 
with a gray tint, as there is none of the dark gray about 
it), slightly green tinted, the incisures more distinctly 
pale green, each joint with its row of small black spots 
across the middle, supplemented back of the row with a 
less perfect row of smaller spots, the first row of six 
spots, of which the outer spot on each end of the row is 
the black spiracle ; cremaster brown, elongated hooks 
at the end that fasten into a thin, loose button of silk. 
Duration of this period eight days. 

The larvae, when ready to pupate, folded a leaf to- 
gether and loosely fastened it with silk, but there was 
no lining of silk except a small, thin button to which 
the cremaster was attached. 

The eggs were sent me by Dr. C. Hoeg, of Decorah, 
Iowa. At first he sent me two eggs under date of July 
31, 1897, that he had found on Malva Rotundifolia, 
These did not hatch on account of injury in transit, aud 
under date of August 6 he sent me fifteen more found on 
the same plant. These hatched out August 12. I fed 
them first on a species of Abutilon, but as they did not 
take to that readily, though eating a little, I changed to 
Althea Rosea. I think they will eat any of the rough - 
leaved Malvaceae readily. On account of being away 
from home part of the time, the larvae were somewhat 
neglected in the last stages, but notwithstanding this two 
passed through all their stages, producing the first imago 
September 12, 1897. 



408 ADDENDA. 

201 J. Castnia Cronis, var. Corningii, Hy. Edw. 
(Page 387.) 

Expanse of wings 2.4 inches. 

Ground color of the wing, velvety black. Disk with 
a clear white space, running parallel with the posterior 
margin, and reaching nearly to the base, whence it is 
separated by a narrow black line from another white 
triangular spot which touches the thorax, at the extreme 
base of the wing. On the upper edge this mark runs 
obliquely but almost parallel with the costa, to about 
the centre of the wing ; there it is cut off straight along 
the corner of the median vein. The space thus enclosed 
covers about one-third of the whole wing. On the costa 
is a large ovate spot, and along the margin, only near 
the posterior angle, are five subtriangular spots, and two 
oblong spots at the apex, all clear white. The costa is 
reddish at the base. The hind wings are yellow-white, 
with rather narrow black margin slightly dentate on the 
inner edge. Beneath, the markings are repeated, but 
the ovate mark on the costa of fore wings is here tri- 
angular, and there is a second triangular mark nearer 
the apex. Head black, with two white spots at the base 
of the antennae, and one in front. Thorax also black, 
with red lines at the sides, and four transverse white 
dashes. The red line at the base of costa is also carried 
on to the thorax. Abdomen creamy white, with the tip 
orange. Beneath, the abdomen and thorax are clear 
white, the coxae and tibia? black. 

The description of this species was published in " In- 
sect Life" in 1891, but was overlooked in the third re- 
vision. It is claimed by some entomologists that this 



ADDENDA. 409 

species and the two species of Megathymus belong to 
another family, Castniidse, and that they are not butter- 
flies, but moths. The species of both Megathymus and 
Castnia are borers in their larva state in the roots of 
certain Liliaceous and other related plants, and if we 
retain the species of Megathymus in the butterflies we 
must place the species of Castnia there also. The in- 
sects from which this description was taken were bred 
from the roots of an Orchis (Lcelia Majalis) in a green- 
house in Albany, N. Y. 






35 



GLOSSAKY. 



Abdomen, the posterior part of the body. 

Aciculate, needle-shaped, more slender than subulate. 

Alba, or Albus, white. 

Anal, pertaining to the posterior part of the body. 

Anal angle, the inner or posterior angle of the hind wings, next to 

the body. 
Annulate, furnished with colored rings. 
Annulus, a ring. 
Anteapical, before the apex ; on the front or costal portion of the 

wing, near the apex. 
Antenna, two articulated organs of sensation, situated on the head. 
Anterior margin, the front margin of a wing ; the costa. 
Apex, that part of a wing which is farthest from the body ; the angle 

between the costa and the outer margin. 
Approximate, near to ; near together. 
Aureus, golden yellow. 

Azure, sky-blue : — nearly the same as cceruleus. 
Basal, relating to the base. 

Base, as applied to a wing, that part which is joined to the body. 
Bifid, cleft. 
Bipupillate, applied to an ocellate spot having two pupils or dots 

within it of a different color from the rest of the spot. 
Blind, applied to a round spot destitute of a central spot or pupil. 
Body, the three parts of an insect, — head, thorax, and abdomen 
Bronze, the color of old brass. 
Cceruleus, color of the sky ; sky-blue. 
Coesius, pale blue, approaching gray. 
Canus, hoary, with more white than gray. 
Capillary, hair-like ; long and slender, like a hair. 
Carina, a keel. 

411 






412 GLOSSARY. 

Carinate, keeled ; having a longitudinal prominence like the keel 

of a boat. 
Cameous, flesh-colored. 
Caterpillar, the larva. 
Cauda, the tail. 
Caudate, tailed : — generally applied to the posterior wings of Lepi- 

doptera to indicate tail-like projections. 
Cell, usually in Lepidoptera the space between the subcostal and 

median veins ; the discal cell. 
Chitine, the hard part on the outside of insects. 
Chrysalis, the third stage of the insect, counting the egg one. 
Cilice, fringes. 
Ciliate, fringed. 
Cinereous, ash color ; gray tinged a little with blackish ; the color 

of wood ashes. 
Cingula, a colored band. 
Clavate, club-shaped. 
Coalesce, to grow together or unite. 
Collar, scales back of the head, forming more or less of a ring ; the 

neck. 
Ooncolorous, of the same color, as the body agreeing in color with 

the wings. 
Confluent, running into each other. 
Connivent, converging or approaching. 
Contiguous, touching ; placed so near as to touch. 
Convergent, approaching each other towards the tip. 
Cordate, heart-shaped. 
Corrugated, wrinkled. 
Costa, the thickened anterior part of the wing from the base to the 

apex. 
Coxa, the jointed base of the leg. 
Cremaster, the anal hooks of the chrysalis, which fasten into silk to 

hold the chrysalis in place. 
Crenate, scalloped. 
Cuneiform, wedge-shaped. 
Cupreous, coppery ; the color of copper. 
Cyaneus, dark blue, like Prussian blue. 
Dentate, toothed. 

Diaphanous, semi-transparent ; clear. 
Dichotomous, forked* dividing by pairs. 



GLOSSARY 413 

Diffuse, spreading. 

Dimorphous, two-formed : — applied to a species existing in two 

forms having different colors or markings. 
Disk, the surface within the margin, — usually between the end of 

the cell and the outer margin. 
Dorsal, of the back. 
Dorsum, the back or upper surface. 
Echinate, set with prickles. 
Edematous, dull translucent white. 
Edge, the margin. 
Egg, the first stage of an insect. 
Elliptical, in the form of an ellipse. 
Emarginate, notched. 

Entire, the margin smooth, or without teeth. 
Epupillate, applied to an ocellate spot included in a colored ring, but 

destitute of a pupil or central dot. 
Erect, upright. 

Eyes, the organs of sight, composed of numerous hexagonal facets. 
Face, the anterior or front part of the head. 
Fascia, a transverse band or broad line. 
Fasciated, banded. 
Feet, the organs of motion. 
Femur, the thigh or third part of tbe leg. 
Ferruginous, of the color of iron-rust. 
Filiform, thread-shaped. 
Flexuous, zigzag without acute angles. 
Fidiginous, sooty ; soot-colored. 
Fulvous, orange-yellow. 

Fuscous, dark brown with a slight mixture of gray. 
Fusiform, spindle-shaped ; gradually tapering towards each end 

from near the middle. 
Geminate, situated in pairs. 
Genus, an assemblage of species which correspond in particular 

characters. 
Glabrous, smooth. 
Glaucous, gray bluish green. 
Globular, like a round ball. 
Glutinous, slimy, viscid. 
Granulated, covered with small grains. 
Gregarious, living in society, or many feeding together. 

35** 



414 GLOSSARY. 

Ghriseous, light gray 

Habitation, or Habitat, a situation or locality frequented by insects. 

Head, the anterior part of the body. 

Hibernaculum, a case of web and leaves in which larvae or pupae 

hibernate ; or a cocoon of silk. 
Hibernate, to pass through or survive the winter. 
Hind margin, that part of the fore wings which is included between 

the base and the posterior angle. 
Hirsute, rough with strong hairs. 
Hispid, bristly ; rough with stiff, short, sparse hairs. 
Hoary, covered with a fine white silvery substance or pubescence. 
Humerus, the anterior base of the wing. 
Hyaline, transparent ; vitreous. 
Imago, the perfect or adult insect. 
Imbricated, tiled ; placed one over another, like shingles on the 

roof of a house. 
Immaculate, without spots. 
Incanous, hoary. 

Inconspicuous, not readily discernible. 
Inner margin, or Interior margin, that margin of the hind wings 

which extends from the buse to the anal angle ; by some authors 

used to denote the posterior or hind margin of the fore wings. 
Iris, of an ocellate wing-spot, is a circle that surrounds the principal 

spot. 
Irrorate, sprinkled. 
Joints, or Articulations, the divisions of the body or segments of the 

larva ; the divisions of the pupa, more particularly the abdomen ; 

the divisions of the antennae. 
Keel, the carina. 

Labial palpi, articulated filaments, one on each side of the labium 
Labium, the lower lip. 
Labrum, the upper lip. 
Lartceolate, lance- or spear-shaped. 

Larva, the second stage of an insect, counting the egg the first. 
Larvarium, a retreat of silk and leaves, or of silk, in which some 

larvae stay when not feeding. 
Lateral, situated on the side. 
T lenticular, lens-shaped. 
Lepidoptera, an order of insects having four wings covered with 

minute imbricated scales : butterflies and moths. 



GLOSSARY. 415 

Lethargic, becoming torpid or inactive. 
Ligula, tongue. 
Lilacinous, lilac color. 

Linear, narrow and of nearly uniform width. 
Lineated, streaked, or marked with lines. 
Livid, dark gray, verging towards violet. 
Longitudinal, the direction of the longest diameter. 
Lunate, crescent-shaped ; formed like a new moon. 
Lurid, of a dirty brown color. 
Luieus, unmixed yellow. 

Macula, a spot larger than a puncture, of some other than the gen- 
eral color. 
Maculate, or Maculated, spotted. 
Mandibles, the upper jaws. 
Margin, the edge of a wing, or along the edge. 
Maxillae, the lower jaws, placed between the upper jaws and the 

lower lip. 
Maxillary palpi, filaments attached to the maxillae. 
Mesial, middle, as a band or stripe across the middle portion of the 

wing. 
Mesonotum, the covering of the middle of the dorsal portion of the 

thorax. 
Mesothorax, that division of the thorax to which the middle pair 

of legs are attached. 
Metamorphoses, transformations. 
Metathorax, that division of the thorax to which the hind pair of 

legs are attached. 
Micropyle, the apex of the egg of an insect. 
Moult, or Molt, shedding or casting off the larva skin. 
Nebulous, clouded. 

Nervures, divisions of the nerves or veins of a wing. 
Niger, black a little tinged with gray. 
Obconic, inversely conic. 
Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped. 

Oblong, the transverse diameter much shorter than the longitudinal. 
Obovate, inversely egg-shaped. 
Obsolete, indistinct. 
Occiput, the hinder part of the head. 
Ocelli, eye-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera ; simple eyes of 

insects. 



416 GLOSSARY. 

Ochreous, yellow with a slight tinge of brown. 

Orbicular, round. 

Order, the subdivision of a class. 

Osmateria, scent-organs of the larvae of the genus Papilio. 

Oval, broadly elliptical. 

Ovate, egg-shaped. 

Overlaid, heavily sprinkled with scales of a different color from the 

ground color ; clouded ; overcast. 
Palpi, in butterflies, the three jointed organs beneath the head 

between which the tongue is coiled like a watch-spring. ^ 

Piceous, pitchy ; the color of pitch. 
Pile, very minute, short hairs. 
Pilous, kaving long, sparse hairs. 
Polymorphous, applied to a species existing in several different forms 

as to color, markings, or size. 
Porrect, straight out. 

Posterior angle, the angle formed by the outer margin and the pos- 
terior or hind margin of the fore wing. 
Posterior margin, that portion of the fore wings which is opposite 

the costa. 
Proboscis, the tongue, or sucking organ. 
Prolegs, the fleshy legs of caterpillars. 
Pronotum, the anterior part of the covering of the thorax; the 

covering of the thorax. 
Prothorax, the first division of the thorax, to which the first pair 

of legs are attached. 
Pruinous, hoary ; covered with a whitish powder. 
Pubescent, coated with fine hair or down. 
Punctured, marked with small impressed dots. 
Pupa, the third stage of an insect, counting the egg the first ; tho 

chrysalis. 
Pupate, to assume the pupa form. 
Pupil, of an ocellus, the central point. 
Quadrangular, having four angles. 
Quadrate, square, or nearly square. 
Remote, separate ; not near together. 
Reniform, kidney-shaped. 
Reticulate, resembling net-work. 

Retractile, capable of being exserted or drawn in at pleasura 
Retuse, ending in an obtuse sinus. 



GLOSSARY. 417 

Ribs, ridges on eggs from the base to the apex. 

Roseus, rose color. 

Rosy rose color. 

Rufous, reddish. 

Rugous, or Rugose, wrinkled. 

Sagittate, arrow-shaped. 

Sanguineous, of the color of arterial blood. 

Scabrous, rough, with projecting points. 

Scales, the dust or imbricated pieces covering the wings. 

Segment, a ring or division of the body. 

Sericeous, silky. 

Serrate, saw-toothed. 

Sessile, connected with the part to which it is attached without the 
intervention of a peduncle or stalk. 

Seta, a bristle. 

Sexes, the two divisions of animals : in insects distinguished by £ 
for male and 9 f° r female. 

Sinuate, indented. 

Sinus, an indentation or excavation. 

Sparse, scattered. 

Species, an assemblage of individuals possessed of permanent char- 
acters of size, color, and ornamentation, by which they may be 
distinguished from other forms, and which breed true to their 
type. 

Spinous, armed with spines. 

Spiracles, breathing-holes on the side of the body ; the stigmata. 

Sprinkled, marked with thinly-scattered scales of another color than 
the ground color. 

Stigmata (singular, Stigma), the breathing-holes on the sides of the 
body ; also, sometimes, spots on a wing. 

Striae, lines ; transverse elevated lines on eggs. 

Striate, marked with lines. 

Submarginal, applied to a space or line within the margin. 

Subocellate, applied to un ocellus without a pupil. 

Suffused, blurred with a color other than the usual one. 

Sulphureous, bright yellow ; the color of sulphur. 

Tail, the terminal segment of the abdomen ; an appendage at the 
posterior part of the hind wings. 

Tarsi, the feet. 

Tawny, dull yellowish brown. 
ob 



4 J 8 GLOSSARY. 

Terminal, at the extremity. 

Testaceous, tile or brick color. 

Thorax, that part of the body which is back of the head- 

Tibia, that part of the leg which is next to the foot. 

Tongue, the sucking-tube of Lepidoptera. 

Torpidity, a lethargic state of hibernation. 

Transverse, crosswise. 

Trochanter, an appendage at the base of the thigh. 

Trophi, the mouth parts. 

Truncate, cut square off. 

Tubercle, a small swelling or prominence. 

Variety, a form of one or more examples of a species differing from 

the usual form, but not breeding true to type. 
Veins and Venules, the framework of the wings. 
Venter, the lower part of the body. 
Ventricose, distended. 
Villi, soft hairs. 
Violaceous, violet color. 

Vitellinus, yellow with a slight tinge of red. 
Vitta, a longitudinal colored line. 
Washed, covered with scales of a color different from the ground 

color, but not quite obscuring the latter. 



INDEX. 



Acadica, 260. 
Accentuated List, 51. 
Accius, 327. 
Acis, 269. 
Agarithe, 124. 
Agraulis VanilliB, 148. 
Ajax, 84. 
Alcestis, 158. 
Alicia, 217. 
A lope, 243. 
Amblyscirtes Eos, 349. 

" Sainoset, 350. 

" Textor, 351. 

" Vialis, 348. 

A in m on, 297. 
Ainyntas, 380. 
Analytical Key, 57. 
Anartia Jatrophao, 202. 
Ancyloxypha Nutnitor, 301. 
Anthocharis Genutia, 118. 
" Olympia, 117. 

Antiopa, 193. 
Apatura Alicia, 217. 
" Coltis, 215. 
" Clyton, 2 IS. 
" Flora, 221. 
Aphrodite, 157. 
Archippus, 144. 
Areolatus, 237. 
Argynnis Alcestis, 158. 

" Aphrodite, 157. 

" Atlantis, 160. 

" Bellona, 164. 

" Cybele, 155. 

« Diana, 153. 



Argynnis Idalia, 150. 
" Montinus, 16& 
" Myrina, 16). 

Arpa, 339. 

Arthemis, 208. 

Asterias, 89. 

Atala, 254. 

Atalanta, 196. 

Atlantis, 160. 

Augustus, 272. 

Ausonius, 360. 

Autolycus, 258. 

Bachrnanni, 250, 
Batabano, 379. 
Batesii, 180. 
Bathyllus, 369 
Bellona, 164. 
Berenice, 146. 
Bimacula, 334. 
Borealis, 253. 
Brettus, 314. 
Brizo, 354. 
Byssus, 344. 

Cabinet, 43. 
Camius, 253. 
Caosonia, 127. 
Calanus, 263. 
Calcphalis Borealis, 253. 

" Caenius, 253. 

Call id ry as Agarithe, 124, 

" Eubule, 119. 

" Philea, 124. 

" Senna), 120. 



419 



■■ 



HBH 



KB 



420 



INDEX. 



Canthus, 232. 

Cardui, 199. 

Carlota, 174. 

Carterocephalus Mandan, 299. 

" Omaha, 300. 

Catullus, 367. 
Cellus, 371. 
Ccltis, 215. 
Centaureae, 353. 
Cernes, 320. 
Chariton ia, 141. 
Chionobas Jutta, 248. 

" Semidca, 249. 
Chrysalis, the, 23. 
Chrysophanus Dione, 2S0. 

Epixanthc, 2S2. 
" Hypophleas, 283. 

Thoe, 2S1. 
Classification, 15. 
Claudia, 165. 
Clyton, 218. 
Coenia, 200. 
Cofao_ui, 386. 
Colfenis Julia, 147. 
Coleoptcra, 15. 
Colias Caesonia, 127. 

" Eurytheme, 128. 

" Interior, 135. 

" Philodice, 133. 
Collecting Butterflies, 36. 
Columella, 271. 
Comma, 185. 
Comyntas, 292. 
Crcsphontcs, 101. 
Cybele, 155. 

Danainae, 143. 

Danais Archippus, 144. 

" Berenice, 146. 
Debis Portlandia, 229. 
Delaware, 342. 
Dclui, 139. 
Diadcma Misippus, 206. 



Diana, 153. 
Dion, 337. 
Dionc, 280. 
Diptcra, 15. 
Disippus, 210, 

Edwardsii, 261. 

Egg, the, 16. 

Eos, 349. 

Epixanthe, 282. 

Eresia Frisia, 181. 

Eros, 214. 

Erycidcs Amyntas, 380, 

" Batabano, 379. 
Erycinidaj, 252. 
Ethlius, 332. 
Eubule, 119. 

Eudamus Bathyllus, 369. 
Cellus, 371. 

" Lycidas, 370. 

" Proteus, 377. 

Pylades, 368. 
Tityrus, 374. 

" Zestos, 372. 

Eufala, 345. 
Eumcnia Atala, 254. 
Eunica Moniiua, 202. 
Euptoicta Claudia, 165. 
Eurythcme, 128. 
Eurytris, 23S. 
Exilis, 295. 

Faunus, 187. 

Favonius, 257. 

Fcniscca Tarquinius, 279. 

Filenus, 294. 

Flora, 221. 

Frisia, 181. 

Fusca, 346. 

Gemma, 235. 
Genutia, 118. 
Glossary, 389. 



INDEX. 



421 



Gracilis, 189. 
Grapta Comma, 186. 

" Faunus, 187. 

" Gracilis, 1S9. 

" Interrogation is, 1S2. 

" J Album, 192. 

" Progne, 190. 

Habits of Butterflies, 32. 
Halesus, 255. 
Uarrisii, 170. 
Hayhurstii, 367. 
Ileliconia Charitonia, 141. 
lleliconinae, 141. 
Ilemiptera, 15. 
Kenrici, 273. 
llespcridae, 299. 
IFianna, 347. 
llumuli, 259. 
Huntera, 198. 
Huron, 312. 
Ilymenoptera, 15. 
llypophleas, 283. 

Icelus, 355. 
Idalia, 150. 
Ilaire, 106. 
Imago, the, 26. 
Interior, 135. 
Interrogationis, 182. 
Iole, 115. 
Irus, 273. 
Isopbthalma, 295. 

J Album, 192. 
JatropbaD, 202. 
Jucunda, 140. 
Julia, 147. 
Junonia Coenia, 200. 
Jutta, 248. 
.Tuvenalis, 363. 

Kricogonia Lyside, 126. 



Leeta, 277. 
Larva, tbe, 19. 
Lconardus, 310. 
Lepidoptcra, 15. 
Libythea Bacbmanni, 250, 
Libytheina?, 250. 
Lirnenitis Artbemis, 208. 
" Disippus, 210. 

Eros, 214. 
" Ursula, 206. 
Lisa, 139. 

List of Illustrations, 11. 
Loammi, 328. 
Lucilius, 357. 
Lycaena Ammon, 297. 

" Comyntas, 292. 

" Exilis, 295. 

" Filenus, 294. 

" Isophtbalma, 295. 

" Lygdamus, 284. 

" Pseudargiolus, 286. 

" Scudderii, 285. 
Tbeonus, 298. 
Lycaenidao, 254. 
Lycaeninac, 279. 
Lycidas, 370. 
Lygdamus, 284. 
Lyside, 126. 

Maculata, 330. 
M Album, 256. 
Manataaqua, 323. 
Mandan, 299. 
Martial is, 362. 
Massasoit, 302. 
Mcgatbynius Cofaqui, 386. 
" Yuccae, 381. 

Melitaea Uarrisii, 170. 
" Phaeton, 168. 
Meskei, 311. 
Metacornet, 326. 
Mctea, 306. 
Mexicana, 137. 



86 



422 



INDEX. 



Milbertii, 195. 
Misippus, 206. 
Monima, 202. 
Montinus, 163. 
Monuste, 106. 
Myrina, 161. 
Mystic, 318. 
My us, 321. 

Nrevius, 366. 
Names of Butterflies, 50. 
Napi, 1 1 0. 
Nathalis Iole, 115. 
Neonytnpha Areolatus, 237. 
" Canthus, 232. 

" Eurytris, 23S. 

" Gemma, 235. 

" Sosybius, 240. 

Ncuroptera, 15. 
Nicippe, 136. 
Niphon, 276. 

Nisoniades Ausonius, 360. 
Brizo, 354. 

" Icelus, 355. 

" Juvonalis, 363. 

" Lucilius, 357. 

" Martialis, 362. 

" Noevius, 366. 

" Persius, 359. 

" Petronius, 364. 

" Somnus, 356. 

Numitor, 301. 
Nycteis, 172. 
Nymphalida), 141. 
Nymphalinao, 147. 

Ocola, 332. 
Olympia, 117. 
Omaha, 300. 
Ontario, 265. 
Orthoptera, 15. 
Osyka, 315. 
Otho, 315. 



Palamodes, 94. 

Palatka, 340. 
Pamphila Accius, 327, 

" Arpa, 339. 

" Bimacula, 334. 

" Brettus, 314. 

" Byssus, 344. 

u Cornes, 320. 

" Delaware, 342, 

" Dion, 337. 

" Ethlius, 332. 

" Eufala, 345. 

" Fusca, 346. 

" Ilianna, 347. 

" Huron, 312. 

" Leonardus, 310. 

" Loammi, 328. 

" Maculata, 330. 

" Manataaqua, 323, 

" Massasoit, 302. 

" Meskoi, 311. 

" Motacomot, 326. 

" Metea, 306. 

" Mystic, 3 IS. 

" My us, 321. 

" Ocola, 332. 

" Osyka, 345. 

" Otho, 315. 

" Palatka, 340. 

" Panoquin, 331. 

" Pockius, 317. 

" Phylteus, 313. 

" Pontiac, 335. 

" Sassacus, 305. 

" Seminole, 309. 

" Uncas, 308. 

" Verna, 324. 

" Vestris, 325. 

" Viator, 347. 

" Vitellius, 341. 

" Zabulon, 303. 
Panoquin, 331. 
Paphia Troglodyta, 226. 



INDEX. 



423 



Papilio Ajax, 84. 
" Asterias, 89. 
" Cresphontes, 101. 
" Palamedes, 94. 
" Philenor, 86. 
" Polydamas, 105. 
" Troilus, 93. 
" Turnus, 97. 
Papilionidae, 83. 
Papilioninae, 83, 
Peckius, 317. 
Pegala, 242. 
Persius, 359. 
Petreus, 203. 
Petronius, 364. 
Phaeton, 168. 
Phaon, 176. 
Philea, 124. 
Philenor, 86. 
Philodico, 133. 
Pholisora Catullus, 367. 

" Hayhurstii, 36' 
Phyciodes Batcsii, 180. 
" Carlota, 174. 
" Nycteis, 172. 

" Phaon, 176. 

" Tharos, 177. 
Phyhcus, 313. 
Pieris Ilaire, 106. 
" Monuste, 106. 
" Napi, 110. 
" Protodico, 107. 
" Rapa>, 114. 
" Virginiensis, 113. 
Pocivs, 270. 
Polydamas, 105. 
Pontiac, 335. 
Portlandia, 229. 
Poweshiek, 301. 
Proteus, 377. 
Protodico, 107. 
Pseudargiolus, 286. 
Pupa, the, 23. 



Pylades, 368. 
Pyrameis Atalanta, 196. 

" Cardui, 199. 

" Huntera, 198. 
Pyrgus Contaurea), 353. 

" Tessellata, 352. 

Rapae, 114. 

Samoset, 350. 
Sassacus, 305. 
Satyrinae, 229. 
Satyrus Alope, 243. 
" Pegala, 242. 
Scudderii, 285. 
Seinidoa, 249. 
Seminole, 309. 
Senna), 120. 
Smilacis, 268, 
Somnus, 356. 
Sosybius, 240. 
Stcneles, 204. 
Strigosa, 266. 

Tarquinius, 279. 
Terias Delia, 139. 

" Jucunda, 140. 

" Lisa, 139. 

" Mcxicana, 137. 

" Nicippo, 136. 
Tessellata, 352. 
Textor, 351. 
Tharos, 177. 
Thccla Acadica, 260. 

" Acis, 269. 

" Augustus, 272. 

" Autolycus, 258. 

" Calanus, 263. 

" Columolla, 271. 

" Edwardsii, 261. 

" Favonius, 257. 

" Ilalesus, 255. 

" Henrici, 273. 



424 



INDEX. 



Thecla ITumuli, 259. 

" Irus, 273. 

" La3ta, 277. 

" M Album, 256. 

" Niphon, 276. 

" Ontario, 265. 

" Poeas, 270. 

" Smilacis, 268. 

" Strigosa, 266. 

" Titus, 278. 

" Wittfcldii, 262. 
Theclinae, 255. 
Theonus, 29S. 
Thoe, 2S1. 

Tbyiaolicus Poweshiek, 301 
Tiuietos Petrous, 203. 
Tityrus, 374. 
Titus, 278. 
Troglodyta, 226 
Troilus, 93. 
Turnus, 97. 



Uncas, 308. 
Ursula, 206. 
Use of the Koy, 42. 

Vanessa Antiopa, 193. 
Vanillse, 148. 
Verna, 324. 
Vostris, 325. 
Vialis, 348. 
Viator, 347. 
Victorina Stenelos, 204, 
Virginiensis, 113. 
Vitollius, 341. 

Wittfcldii, 262. 

Yuccao, 3S1. 

Zabulon, 303. 
Zestos, 372. 



INDEX TO ADDENDA. 



Aaroni, 398. 

Agarithe, var. Maxima, 390. 
Alee, 396. 

Ancyloxypha Longleyi, 396. 
Argynnis Leto, 391. 
Asterias, 389. 
Atala, 395. 

Callidryas Agarithe, var. Maxima, 
390. 

" Statira, 389. 

" " var. Floridensis, 

389. 
Carolina, 403. 

Castnia Cronis, var. Corningii, 408. 
Colaenis Delila, 390. 
Corningii, 408. 
Cronis, var. Corningii, 408. 
Delila,, 390. 
Eumenia Atala, 395. 
Floridensis, 389. 
HowardL. 402. 
Leto, 391. 
Longleyi, 396. 
Lycaena Alee, 396. 

" Lygdamus, var. Oro, 395. 



Lygdamus, 395. 

Massasoit, var. Suffusa, 398. 

Maxima, 390. 

Mitchellii, 393. 

Neonympba Mitchellii, 393. 

Oro, 395. 

Pamphila Aaroni, 398. 

" Carolina, 403. 

" Howardi, 402. 

" Massasoit, var. Suffusa, 
398. 

" Panoquinoides, 401. 

" Slossonae, 400. 

" Streckeri, 402. 
Yehl, 399. 
Panoquinoides, 401. 
Papilio Asterias, 389. 
Pyrgus Tessellata, 404. 
Slossonas, 400. 
Statira, 389. 
Streckeri, 402. 
Suffusa, 398. 
Tessellata, 404. 
Yehl, 399. 



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